The Nazca Great Circle Map Hypothesis

Authors’ website: nazcasolution.com

Part I: The Nazca Great Circle Map Hypothesis

The lines and geoglyphs carved into the Nazca plateau represent a map of the Earth. The map is a Great Circle Map: a gnomonic projection with the center of the Earth as its cartographic view point. Each line on the Nazca Plateau represents a great circle of navigation centered at the center of the Earth and encircling the entire planet.

The majority of the lines on the Nazca Plateau radiate from five loci of origin called radial centers. The five radial centers are labeled C, A, T, G and R on the complete blueprint of the Nazca Map-Plateau as presented in Plate-1. Each radial center represents a specific geographic location on the surface of the Earth. The unicursal geoglyphs drawn amidst the straight lines function as eco-geographical markers—each figure representing a different geographic region of Earth. Using the geoglyphs as guides one can orient the Nazca map and infer the precise geographic locations of the radial centers on Earth. Once the exact radial center locations are known, the lines of the 2-Dimensional map-plateau can be projected as 3-dimensional great circles that circumscribe Earth.

To orient or key the Nazca map one begins with the geoglyph that depicts two llamas (Figure-1). The figure on the right of the llamas, often referred to as their “pen” or “corral”, will be addressed in a later work. The llamas suggests a clear and particular association with South America, specifically with the Andean region where the map itself is found. Therefore the llamas geoglyph is cartographically assigned as representing the Nazca-Andean region of Earth.

The nearest geoglyph eastward of the llamas is that of a spider-monkey seen in Picture-1 and Figure-2. The monkey appears hanging inverted from a jagged line formation that resembles a mountain chain, suggestive of the Andes mountains. This is geographically reasonable—as one moves eastward from Nazca over the Andes mountains one drops into the western Amazon Basin, where spider-monkeys abound. The spider-monkey glyph is therefore cartographically assigned to the southwestern region of the Amazon Basin.

Northward from the spider-monkey one finds the geoglyph called the grampus, or dolphin (Figure-3). The dolphin figure borders the southwestern edge of a large quadrangular polygon, labeled “Amazon River” on Plate-2.

One tends to associate dolphins with oceans, yet before one reaches the Caribbean Sea to the north of the Amazon, one encounters a particular and anomalous species of dolphin: the Amazon River Dolphin. These fresh water dolphins inhabit the western headwaters of the Amazon River.

Considered thus, the Amazon River Dolphin figure becomes a highly specific identifier for the Amazon River — the largest river of Earth—allowing one to infer that the large rectangular polygon adjacent to the river dolphin is a cartographic representation of the Amazon River itself. From this inference one may further infer that: all polygonal and triangular geometric shapes on the Nazca map are cartographic representations of rivers and water ways. The shallow tapering of the Amazon River Trapezoid towards its western end—is suggestive of the easterly flow of the Amazon River current—leading to an additional hypothesis: water currents flow in the direction of widening of polygonal or triangular figures.

Eastward from the river dolphin, towards the eastern end of the Amazon River Polygon is the figure of a downward diving fish (Figure-4). The downward orientation of the fish is suggestive of the Amazon River waters “falling” into the Atlantic Ocean. We therefore cartographically assign this fish to the Amazon River Delta region.

Directly beneath the easternmost end of the Amazon River quadrangle is the radial center labeled “A“ on Plate-2. The mouth of the Amazon River occurs at the terrestrial Equator—providing a “natural” cartographic location that allows one to infer the geographic location of the first radial center. The Amazon Radial Center (A) is therefore assigned equatorial coordinates at the center of the largest island in the Amazon River Delta: 0 North, 50 West.

Towards the northwest of the Amazon River radial center is the geoglyph of a hummingbird (Figure-5). These birds are unique to the Americas and exist in abundant numbers and variety in the Northern Amazon and Central American region, as indicated by the figure’s relative position in relation to the Amazon River.

Southward from the Amazon River is the figure often misidentified as a dog (Figure-6). The rounded ears and its inverted “hanging” orientation are strongly suggestive of a Tamandua, a semi-arboreal mammal that is unique to South America, inhabiting a vast range of forests and savannas south of the Amazon River (Picture-2).

To the southeast of the Amazon River polygon is the geoglyphic figure often called a condor (Figure-7). From a biological standpoint the figure lacks all bird of prey characteristics. The beak and legs are too long and thin, not short and robust like a condor’s, and it lacks the large wing span in relation to the tail. The bird represented is actually a Willet—a coastal bird that ranges the Atlantic coasts from southern Brazil to the coasts northward of Florida (Picture-3). When viewed from above, flying low along the shore, Willets look very much as depicted by the geoglyph drawn on the plateau. Willets are unique to the eastern shorelines of the Americas, indicating that eastward from this point is the Atlantic Ocean.

Adjacent to the northeast of the willet and spanning eastward is a large polygonal shape labeled “ATLANTIC” (Plate-3). Applying the hypothesis that polygons and triangles represent water-ways, the large polygon must represent a portion of the Atlantic Ocean—from the easternmost shore of South America to the western shores of the African continent. The sub-hypothesis that water currents flow in the direction of polygonal widening finds congruency—the Atlantic South Equatorial Current flows westward from the Bight of Africa towards South America’s easternmost shore—as indicated by the Atlantic polygon widening towards the west.

Further eastward on the map, beyond the Atlantic polygon is the geoglyph often referred to as a lizard (Figure-8, Plate-4). The long narrow snout is more representative of a crocodile and of the Bight of Africa.

Towards the south of the crocodile in Plate-4 is the figure commonly referred to as a tree, seen in (Figure-9). The figure is drawn at the eastern end of a long thin triangle. Trees are not the only natural phenomena with “branching” morphology. Following the sub-hypothesis that the triangles and trapezoids represent waterways, and the fact that the figure in question is found at the end of a long narrow triangle, suggests that there is a unique element south of the Congo region and at the end of a water way with an eastward inland flow, as indicated by the triangle broadening towards the East.

The unique element in question must be the anomalous Okavango River Delta (Picture-4). The Okavango River and its delta are geographic anomalies—the Okavango River the only major river on Earth that flows inland, away from the sea to empty into the African savanna. As the only major river on Earth with an inland river delta—its uniqueness provides a highly specific geographic location. Even in our present day, from a high vantage over modern day Botswana, the Okavango River Delta bears an uncanny likeness to the delta geoglyph.

South of the Okavango Delta numerous lines converge at the easternmost radial center of the Nazca map, labelled “C” on Plate-5. Further south the figure of a Right Whale (Figure-10) suggests the Southern Ocean. The location of the radial center is therefore somewhere south of the Okavango River Delta yet north of the Southern Ocean—at the southern end of the African Continent.

The African continent reaches its southernmost geographic extreme at “Cape Agulhas”, Portuguese for “Cape Needles”. The topography of the cape narrows southward into a specific and precise geographic location (Picture-5). The Cape Agulhas Radial Center (C) is therefore assigned the coordinates at southernmost point of the African continent: 34.839 South, 20.004 East.

Having identified the easternmost radial center at Cape Agulhas, we return westward to the radial center composed of only three lines to form a triangle, as shown in Plate-6. The triangle’s location south of the Andean llamas may suggest that the radial center in question is within the South American continent or near its western shoreline. Yet its apparent location on Plate-1 in relation the Amazon River suggests a location a considerable distance to the southwest—in the South Pacific Ocean. The reason for the cartographic ambiguity in the location of figures will be addressed in a later work. There is in fact a very famous and rather anomalous island in the South Pacific Ocean with triangular topography—the island of Rapa-Nui, commonly known as Easter Island as seen in Picture-5.

Easter Island is considered one of the most geographically isolated islands on Earth—having wide expanses of ocean between itself and other shores. It is also the location of the anomalous cyclopean stone monuments known as Moai. The Rapa-Nui Radial Center (R) is therefore assigned a location at the geometric center of Easter Island: 27.109 South, 109.366 West.

To the northwest of Easter Island is the map’s westernmost radial center, labelled “G” on Plate-1. There are no geoglyphic figures in this part of the map to give eco-geographic clues to identify the radial center. Its general cartographic location far to the northwest of Easter Island, suggests perhaps a location in the vicinity of the Hawaiian Archipelago, such as its highest point at the volcanic summit of Mauna Kea. This would be a reasonable proposition in keeping with the theme of the anomalous extreme—measured from its base at the bottom of the ocean, Mauna Kea is the tallest mountain and largest shield volcano on Earth. Before settling on this conclusion, cartography itself provides yet another clue to infer the identity of the westernmost radial center.

The extremely long line labelled “Antipodal Orient” in Plate-1 and Plate-7 connects the easternmost radial center at Cape Agulhas with the westernmost radial center in question. This line is categorically different from other lines—connecting the two distal non-adjacent radial centers—suggesting an elementary cartographic relationship between them. Their positions at opposite ends of the primary grid indicate that the radial centers are Geodesic Antipodes—representing locations on exact opposite sides of the Earth. The antipode to Cape Agulhas is a point on the Pacific Ocean north of the Hawaiian Islands. The westernmost radial center is therefore assigned the geographic coordinates at the Geodesic Antipode to Cape Agulhas (G): 34.839 North, 159.996 West.

The lines that connect adjacent radial centers are called primary lines. The primary lines form the primary grid of the map and are drawn as wider lines on Plate-1. The primary lines are named and labelled according to the radial centers they connect: G-R, R-A and C-A. The primary lines represent primary great circles that can be projected into virtual orbital imagery as shown in Image-1, Image-2 and Image-3.

 

This primary grid of great circles is the key anchoring element of the Nazca map. The lines of the primary grid represent primary great circles that transect the geographic locations of the radial centers. The angular alignments of these primary great circles are geographically determined by the radial centers they transect.

The numerous other lines that radiate from the radial centers are called secondary lines. The secondary lines represent secondary great circles that are angularly aligned in relation to the primary great circles of the primary grid.

The Antipodal Orient great circle transects antipodal radial centers and is therefore not locked into a determined alignment. The Antipodal Orient great circle, as its name implies, follows the Orient Rule—the Antipodal Orient great circle is aligned to East-West at Cape Agulhas. It is a property of great circles to mirror angular alignment at any antipodal point—therefore the angular alignment of the Antipodal Orient great circle is also due East-West at the antipode (G) to Cape Agulhas. Before projecting the antipodal orient great circle, or any other secondary great circles of the map, we draw attention to the last radial center—at the central and capital position on the map—the radial center labelled “T” on Plate-1 and Plate-8.

Its central position on the map, to the south west of the Amazon River, suggests the vicinity of the Nazca Plateau itself. Yet not far from Nazca is another unique and monumental terrestrial anomaly—Lake Titicaca. Lake Titicaca is the highest lake on Earth and its salty water a remnant of its oceanic origins. On the shores of this anomalous and extreme lake are the ruins of the most elevated ancient megalithic structures—the ruins of Tiwanaku, the cradle of Andean civilization. The ruins are of enormous megalithic proportions and of great uncertain age. The Tiwanaku Radial Center is therefore assigned the geographic coordinate location of the largest central monument at the site—the Akapana Pyramid: 16.558 South, 69.657 West.

Upon close inspection the Tiwanaku radial center is categorically different from the other radial centers on the map—none of its lines directly connect to any other radial center. Tiwanaku is central and disconnected from the primary grid, implicating it as the Capital of the Nazca Map. Yet this lack of connection to a second radial center leaves no reference to geographically anchor the angular alignment of its many radiating great circles. The situation is similar to that of the Antipodal Orient requiring the Rule of Orient. One must infer which line of the Tiwanaku lines represents the great circle aligned towards Orient—due East-West—at Tiwanaku.

Here we call attention to yet another anomalous line labelled “Tiwanaku Parallel” seen on Plate-1 and Plate-8. The Tiwanaku Parallel is the longest line on the Nazca map-plateau. The Tiwanaku Parallel nearly transects the central Tiwanaku radial center, yet truly transects the Amazon radial center. This extreme long line cannot represent only a great circle from the Amazon radial center—for it continues far beyond it across the entire map. Any line that transects a radial center and radiates on its opposite side represents one same and single great circle. The cartographic anomaly of transecting the Amazon radial center and traversing the entire map-plateau suggests a cartographic meaning. The Tiwanaku Parallel line runs in perfect cartographic parallel with a Tiwanaku line labelled “Tiwanaku Orient ” shown in Plate-8. This cartographic paralleling of lines indicates the Tiwanaku Orient as the line that follows the Rule of Orient and represents a great circle that geographically anchors the Tiwanaku radial center. The Tiwanaku Orient Line represents a great circle that is angularly aligned to Orient—East-West—at Tiwanaku. All secondary great circles that radiate from Tiwanaku are angularly aligned in relation to the Tiwanaku Orient great circle. Since the Tiwanaku Parallel has a double function as a cartographic guide and as a secondary great circle from the Amazon radial center, it is labelled “A-2” at the Amazon radial center.

Having determined the three primary and Tiwanaku Orient great circles, one is ready to project all the great circles of the Nazca map. The method of angular measurement of secondary lines and their projection into great circles is graphically demonstrated in Plate-9, showing line C-1 measured in relation to primary line C-A and projected as a great circle in Image-4. The secondary lines from the other radial centers are similarly measured and projected in relation to the primary great circles. The method for each radial center is graphically demonstrated in the Data section of this work as well as numerical tables providing the angular alignments of all the Nazca lines and corresponding great circles.

Before projecting the complete array of Nazca map lines into great circles we call attention to a pattern along the path of primary great circle R-A. The course of primary great circle R-A traverses the coast of Peru and nearly transects the Nazca Plateau itself. Further discernment reveals that along the path of great circle R-A are the ruins of many famous ancient monumental structures, shown in Image-5 to Image-7.

The virtual imagery shows that the Nazca Plateau, Machu Picchu, Sacsayhuaman, the Giza Plateau, Petra, Ur and Eridu, Persepolis, Mohenjo-Daro, Angkor-Wat, and other ancient sites of great renown are in close geographic alignment with the great circle as its circles back to Easter Island and its ancient monolithic Moai. In summary: A significant number of cradles of civilization and ancient sites of great renown are found along the course of primary great circle circle R-A.

This “Cyclopean” Great Circle—named thus after the gigantic scale of masonry and structural ruins found along its course—was first noticed by a man named Jim Alison. Alison had noticed the cyclopean and many other great circle alignments from the empirical evidence provided by the geographic locations of the sites themselves. Such great circle alignments of ancient sites had previously been ignored, as had their profound historical implications. Alison found that sites of import were located at equidistant intervals of geometric significance along the course of the cyclopean great circle. Other investigators such as Robert Bauval and Graham Hancock had previously noted equidistant longitude relationships between ancient sites of note, echoing Jim Alison’s findings. Jim Alison had strongly suspected that Nazca—itself a site in the Cyclopean Great Circle Alignment—represented a diagram of the great circles alignments. Jim Alison was not only correct, but was himself directly involved in the development of this present work, which owes much to his insight and collaboration.

The purpose behind the great circle alignments of the ancient sites and the Nazca map becomes clearer when the other phenomena under the great circles are discerned: Impact craters and volcanic calderas. These two “cataclysmic” categories of phenomena are also in great circle alignment with the great circles of the Nazca map. A fourth category of submerged monuments includes submerged archeological sites of recent discovery or rumor that are found suggestively near the courses of the great circles of the Nazca map. The complete site list of all ancient monuments, volcanoes and impact craters and their geographic coordinates are provided in the Tables section of this work.

We are now ready to project all the great circles of the map and all the ancient monuments, volcanoes and impact craters in virtual imagery. After their presentation all the great circle alignments that are to be scientific tested and analyzed in the next section of this work.

The great circles from each radial center are virtually projected in different colors for visual differentiation:

Primary great circles: red;

Tiwanaku great circles: white;

Cape Agulhas great circles: green;

Amazon great circles; yellow;

Geodetic Antipode great circles: orange.

Tiwanaku Orient great circle: dark grey

Antipodal Orient great circle: black.

Easter Island great circle(single): purple.

The different categories of sites are also projected in different colors for visual differentiation:

Monuments: black

Volcanoes: gold

Impact craters: red

submerged monuments: black / aquamarine center

The virtual orbital imagery in Image-8 to Image-18 shows all the great circles of the Nazca Great Circle Map and the ancient monuments, major volcanoes and impact craters in its global construct, projected on the virtual Earth.

 

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Part II: The Random Simulation Experiment – A Statistical Analysis of The Nazca Great Circle Map-Plateau

To prove that the Nazca Lines represent a great circle map that draws attention to volcanoes, impact craters and ancient monuments, one must design a unique scientific experiment. The goal of the experiment is to test for geographic correlation between the phenomena and the great circles proposed by the Nazca Great Circle Map Hypothesis. To do this one must gauge the correlation between the phenomena and the Nazca great circles and compare it to the correlation between the same phenomena and “random” great circles. By comparing the great circles alignments of the Nazca map with the great circle alignments that result from a randomized version of the map, one can scientifically test the validity of the Nazca Map Hypothesis.

In statistical terminology the random version of the Nazca Map Hypothesis is called the “Null Hypothesis”, and the Nazca Map Hypothesis is called the “Alternative Hypothesis“. The Null hypothesis is the anti-hypothesis that assumes that the Nazca Map Hypothesis is not true. The Null Hypothesis states: “There is no relationship between the sites and the great circles proposed by the Nazca Map Hypothesis. The great circle alignments observed are as likely to occur by random great circle patterns”.

In order for the Nazca Map Hypothesis to be accepted as “true”, the Null Hypothesis must be rejected as “false”. The Null Hypothesis experiment can be said to be the experiment that shows the results of random chance. If the Null Hypothesis experiment results show that the great circle alignments proposed by the Nazca Map Hypothesis are statistically “unlikely” to result from random chance, then Nazca Map Hypothesis must be accepted as true.

Such an experiment that can compare random great circle patterns with those proposed by the Nazca Map Hypothesis can be achieved with a computer program, or computer simulation. The program simulates a virtual Earth with its ancient monuments, volcanoes and impact craters at their exact latitude and longitude locations. The simulation then generates radial centers at random locations on the virtual Earth, with great circles that radiate from them at random angles, or headings.

The Random Simulation program generates a perfectly randomized version of the Nazca Map Hypothesis that can be repeated like any testable and verifiable scientific experiment. The great circle alignments of the random simulation can then be compared with the great circle alignments of the Nazca Map Hypothesis to answer the following question: What is the probability that 79 “randomly” aligned great circles will geographically correlate with as many phenomena as those that result from the Nazca Map Hypothesis?

Before moving on to the Random Simulation experiment some important concepts and terms must be elaborated and defined.

GREAT CIRCLE BANDWIDTH AND SITE DISTRIBUTION

A great circle alignment is the geographic correlation between specific sites, or locations, and the course of a great circle on the spherical surface of Earth. This geographic correlation is measured and analyzed in reference to the distance of the sites in question to the path of the great circle. If one imagines each great circle as an infinitely thin geometric line encircling Earth, the great circle could be said to encompass, or transect only locations that fall precisely in its path. Due to the large scale and numerous sites involved in the global construct, it would be unreasonable to expect precise linear transections of sites, since the number of phenomena far exceeds the number of great circles proposed by the hypothesis. The Nazca Map Hypothesis claims that each great circle has multiple sites in great circle alignment. The global map construct is of a “Best Fit Line” design similar to the Statistical concept of the “Linear Regression Line” as shown in Diagram-1.

As can be seen in the diagram, several of the points are precisely transected by the thin dark line. Yet the correlation, or association between the line and the other points is evident, and the points are said to be scattered about the line. To draw the analogy with the Nazca Map: the “points” are the Site locations of ancient monuments, volcanoes and impact craters and the “line” is analogous to the path of a great circle that circumscribes Earth.

To understand the correlation between the sites and the great circles it becomes useful to visualize each great circle as a great circle “band” having width, or bandwidth as shown in Diagram-1, which shows many more points being encompassed, or transected by the wider grey line. Each great circle band can likewise be visualized as encompassing multiple sites along its course. An example of great circles encompassing (transecting) more sites as they increase in bandwidth. can seen in the comparison between Image-19 and Image-20, which show the same Nazca great circles projected at different widths.

Any comparison of great circle correlation becomes self limiting at the opposite extremes of bandwidth. If the test bandwidth is extremely narrow neither random great circles nor those proposed by the Nazca Map Hypothesis will encompass any of the sites, nullifying any comparison of great circle correlation. The finite surface area of Earth sets an upper limit to great circle bandwidth. If the great circle bandwidth is wide enough such that 79 random great circle bands cover the entire terrestrial surface, both the random great circles and those of the Nazca map would encompass all the site locations on Earth nullifying any great circle alignment comparison.

The finite spherical surface of Earth also sets a theoretical limit on the geographic distribution of the sites being tested. This limit is best illustrated by its most extreme example: that of an Earth uniformly and completely covered in sites that are equidistant from each other. In such a case any great circle, regardless of its spatial alignment, will encompass the same number of sites, again nullifying any comparison test between random great circles and those proposed by the map hypothesis. Fortunately, the combined total number and geographic distribution of all the sites tested by the random simulation are not extreme enough to induce this “crowded Earth” effect and allowing the simulation yields significant comparative results.

SITE CATEGORIES

The term “site” is used in this work in reference to any location of interest for testing geographic correlation with the great circles of the Nazca map and with random great circles. Three principal categories of sites are tested for great circle alignments with the global construct of the Nazca map: Volcanoes, Impact Craters and Ancient Monuments. The Random Simulation program can perform great circle alignment tests on any of these categories individually or in combination.

Monuments

The monument category is an amalgam of anomalous and extreme structural sites of great age, magnanimity and civilizational import. The Nazca Great Circle Map suggests that the ancient monuments were constructed at specific locations on Earth in order to intentionally generate geographic correlation with the great circles of the map. This implies that the monuments and cradle cities were purposefully placed in order to cartographically reinforce the great circles of the map, and draw attention to the volcanoes and impact craters. The global construct of monuments is therefore a cartographic element of the Nazca Great Circle Map; a map whose primary subject is the natural phenomena of Earth.

Many of the monumental sites in the Nazca global construct are part of large structural complexes that were often ancient centers, or cradles, of civilization. The geographic placement of ancient monuments and cities is somewhat locally limited by the terrain and structural needs of each construction – such as stable ground foundations for extremely heavy monuments, the proximity of water sources for cradle cities and other geographic considerations. The global scale of the great circle construct allows for monuments and cradle cities to be placed at cartographic locations that nonetheless reinforce the great circles of the Nazca map. The monumental category can be further divided into sub-categories: monuments, geoglyphic monuments and submerged monuments. The geoglyphic category consists of “graphical” constructs that are either carved into, or formed from the terrain. Nazca, being the most monumental geoglyphic site on Earth as well as the blueprint of the global construct, is categorized as a monument in this work.

The submerged monuments category consists of a growing list of intriguing undersea structures representing the remains of past civilization. Unlike the land monuments, which were geographically placed to reinforce the map; the submerged monuments, like the volcanoes and the impact craters, were the intentional targets of the original great circle alignment.

An additional category of sites called “Other“, contains certain structural and natural phenomena and locations of mytho-historical interest. Some are archeological sites suspected to be locations mentioned in ancient mythology, others are natural phenomena that are central to a particular mythology – such as Mt. Olympus, or Uluru.

Volcanoes

The term “volcano” is a very broad categorization requiring finer definition. If one were to consider every lava vent on Earth to be a volcano, these would be so numerous and broad in geographic distribution as to induce the crowded Earth effect previously mentioned, nullifying the test. It is logical to expect that the mapmakers would intend to draw attention to the more anomalous and extreme volcanoes of great eruptive power and global climatic significance.

Establishing the eruptive power and catastrophic potential of a volcano is a complex matter. In some cases the eruptive power has been calculated from the remnant signs of past eruptions. The true measure of the eruptive power and potential global climatic effect of a volcano involves the volume, viscosity and chemical composition of the lava in its magma chamber. The general correlation between the volume of the magma chamber and the volume of the mountain-volcano itself, makes volume an ideal attribute for determining the volcano population to be tested. Yet the current scarcity of volcanic volumetric databases leaves “height” as the only practical attribute by which to estimate volume and define the test population for the experiment. The height of a mountain or volcano can be measured in two ways: topographic elevation and topographic prominence. The peak elevation of a mountain is its altitude above sea level, while its peak prominence is its height as measured from its base. A relatively small volcano rising from the top of a high continental massif may present a high elevation from sea level, yet have little eruptive power and global consequence. Peak prominence is the therefore a better indicator of the volume and power of a volcano, and is therefore chosen as the inclusion parameter for the great circle alignment test. The established geophysical category known as “Ultra-Prominent” constitutes volcanoes with peak prominences exceeding 1500 meters. The Ultra category of volcanoes is a clear, established and well defined geophysical category—a suitable and defined population for statistical testing.

An additional subcategory of volcanoes included in the experiment data set are the 16 volcanoes called “Decade Volcanoes“, by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earths’s Interior (IAVCEI). This list is comprised of volcanoes known to be regularly destructive or of particular scientific interest. It is worthy of note that many of these Decade Volcanoes are also Ultra volcanoes.

Volcanoes are indeed categorically different from monuments and cities—Nature alone determines their geographic locations. Yet these natural phenomena are not necessarily found in a “random” geographic distribution and under careful inspection certain geographic patterns become readily apparent. Mountain ranges are often associated with tectonic plate boundaries and exhibit the same linear tendency in their geography. It is along these plate boundaries and mountain chains that the majority of the Earth’s volcanoes are found. The linear geography inherent to mountain ranges results in volcanic belts: linear chains of volcanoes that allow for a single great circle to encompass multiple volcanoes. An example of such a volcanic belt is seen in Image-21, showing the Antipodal Orient great circle (black) encompassing beneath its course the linear belt of volcanoes (gold dots) that ridge the Central American Isthmus. The mapmakers made use of the natural linear tendency in volcanic geography to align the great circles of the Nazca map and thus draw maximum attention to these natural phenomena.

Impact Craters

Impact craters are the remnant lithospheric scars of cometary or meteoric impacts. The 189 (at the time of writing) currently accepted impact craters accepted in the field of Geophysics provides a well defined and established population for experimental testing. The general correlation between impact crater diameter and impact force allows for selection of crater populations of varying diameter, representing different levels of planetary climatic effect and significance.

Impact Craters present a more random geographic distribution than volcanoes. Their scattered random distribution is intermittently interrupted by crater “clusters” in certain regions of Earth. An example of such a cluster is seen (red dots) in the densely cratered region of Northern Europe around Scandinavia, shown previously in Image-19 and Image-20, or the densely cratered continent of Australia seen in Image-16 of the hypothesis section (Part 1). The Nazca great circles seen transecting the crater cluster exemplify how great circles can be aligned to encompass multiple impact craters beneath their courses, enhancing the best fit pattern and drawing attention to these phenomena.

Volcanoes and impact craters abide by other geographic patterns that are implied by the Nazca map and the global construct it illustrates. These geographic patterns suggest great geophysical import and will be addressed in a following section, after the Random Simulation puts the Nazca Great Circle Map Hypothesis through its scientific test.

THE RANDOM SIMULATION

The Random Simulation is a JavaScript computer program that runs on any modern Web Browser. An updated version with an improved interface will be available for anyone to run on nazcasolution.com and to download for anyone who wishes to inspect the code and mathematical calculations.

The Random Simulation uses two main data sets to perform its calculations: the Great Circle Data Set and the Site Data Set.

The Great Circle Set

Once the program is active it displays a series of boxes as seen in Picture-6. The box titled “Nazca Parameters” lists the latitude and longitudes of the five Nazca Radial Centers (RCs) and the number of great circles (CGs) that radiate from each. These parameters represent the data of the Nazca great circle map which are provided in Table-8 in the Data section along with the angles of each line on the plateau relative to its anchoring primary line and the true headings of their corresponding great circles. The Nazca parameters are a part of the simulation program and are not user alterable.

The small box titled “Settings” contains the input parameters the user can interactively change. The first input box titled “number of runs“, is the number of times the random version of the great circle map is to be simulated in the trial. Each run represents one cast of 79 randomized great circles. The default is set at 10,000 runs per trial. The higher this number off runs in an experimental trial, the longer the experiment run time, but the more statistically accurate the results yielded.

In each run the simulation generates four radial centers at random coordinates on the virtual Earth, with a fifth radial center at the antipode of one of these. The simulation then generates 79 great circles that radiate from these five radial centers at random angles, or headings. Each “run” thus represents one “random instance”, or random version of the great circles pattern of the Nazca map. The results of each trial forms a Bell Curve for statistical comparison of the pattern of chance with the pattern of the Nazca map. The greater the number of runs simulated per trial, the more complete the Bell Curve that forms from the results. From the Bell Curve produced by the results one can calculate the statistical probability of “random chance” resulting in great circle alignments comparable to those of the Nazca map. The greater the number of runs in a trial, the more statistically confident one can be in the calculated probability of random occurrence.

The input parameter, “Bandwidth” is the width of each great circle band in kilometers. This bandwidth applies to both the Nazca great circles and their random counterparts. If one inputs a 20 kilometer bandwidth the simulation will make each of the 79 Nazca great circles into bands 20 kilometers in width, and count the number of sites they encompass. The simulation then assigns the same 20 kilometer width to each great circle in the randomly generated sets of 79 and counts the number of sites encompass in each random iteration.

The Site Set

The large scrollable box labeled “Sites“, lists the monuments, volcanoes and impact craters available for the random simulation test and their latitude and longitude coordinates. Each site has a check box for individual inclusion or exclusion from the test. The sites appear on the list in order by category.

Ancient monuments and cities are listed first in alphabetical order. This list of ancient monuments and their coordinates is also provided in Table-5 in the Data section. There are several subtypes of monuments that are grouped together under categorical labels such as, “Pyramid“, “Menhir” or “Dolmen” in order to facilitate locating them on the list. There are exceptions to this grouping such as the Great Pyramid of Giza which is found alphabetically under letter “G” and not with the other pyramids.

The monument names which are written in capital letters represent those that serve as capitals of their monumental groupings. The capital groups are defined by a 50 kilometer radius from the capital monument and between satellite monuments in the group. If a monument is within 50 kilometers of a monument that is within 50 kms of a capital monument, both satellite monuments belong to that capital group. Therefore, if a monument is 50 kms or more from a capital monument or any of its satellites, it does not belong to any group and is considered a lone monumental site. All the monuments that are in the immediate vicinity of the Giza Plateau, for example, are part of the “Giza” group. This allows one to select the Great Pyramid as the single representative of the entire Giza group that would otherwise include the other many pyramids and monuments of the Nile Delta region. One can thus test entire groups or only the “Capital” monument of each group. The capital of a monumental group is, as best determined, the most anomalous or extreme structure of the group, as best determined. At the end of the monuments list is comprised of the subcategories, “Geoglyph”, “Submerged Monuments” and “Other”, followed by the impact craters as seen in Picture-7.

The currently accepted impact craters are numbered in order according to crater diameter to facilitate selection of test populations in terms of impact force and global climatic effect. The impact craters list with their coordinate locations, diameters, approximate ages and force of impact if available are also provided in Table-7 in Data section.

The volcanoes of Earth comprise the end of the site list and are grouped according to the continental plate on which they are found. Within each continental grouping the volcanoes are roughly in order by decreasing topographic elevation, not according to topographic prominence. The “Ultra” volcanoes with a topographic prominence exceeding 1,500 meters are in their respective continental plate groups in capital lettering for easy identification. The list of volcanoes with their coordinates, topographic elevation, topographic prominence and Volcanic Explosive Indexes (VEIs) is provided in Table-6.

The box labeled “Selections” allows the user to select and deselect entire categories and subcategories of sites to facilitate management of the list. All monument groups and capitals combined into a group, are available for selection. The impact crater selections constitute divisions at different crater diameter by “tens” of kilometers groupings. The volcanic subcategories “ULTRA” and “DECADE“, as well as by continental plates groupings, all are available as selections to customize the random simulation test.

Results Output

Once the great circle parameters and sites have been set the random simulation is ready to run. The box labeled “Results” seen in Picture-8 the output boxes for various numerical results and the simulation “Run!” button. The empty window within the box is where the results of each run are outputted. Each number is the total number of “Hits“, or sites encompassed by the 79 random great circles in one simulation run. If the trial consists of 10,000 runs, 10,000 results will be displayed in the scrollable box at completion.

Below the results box a series of output boxes display the results of the following statistical calculations:

Sum Total: The sum of the hits of all run results in the trial.

Mean: The statistical mean, or average of the total number of “Hits” (sites encompassed) for all run results.

Max: The maximum number of sites encompassed by a single simulated run in the trial.

Min: The minimum number of sites encompassed by a single simulated run in the trial. At the great circle bandwidths and number of runs per trial that are adequate for the test, this minimum tends to remain zero—at least one cast of random great circles not encompassing any sites.

Variance: The statistical Variance of the results of all runs in that trial. Also known as “Sigma Squared”.

Nazca Hits: The total number of sites encompassed (transected) by the great circles of the map at the bandwidth being tested.

CDF: The Cumulative Distribution Function result is the calculated Probability of Random Occurrence, or the probability that random chance has of achieving the same results as the Nazca Great Circle Map Hypothesis.

In addition to these numerical results the random simulation graphically displays a Distribution Curve of the results, seen also in Picture-8. The X-Axis of the curve is the discrete number of possible encompassed sites, or “Hits”; the Y-Axis is the total count of random runs that resulted in that number of encompassed sites. The distribution curve displayed is cursor-interactive; numerically displaying the number of runs for each “Hit ” value at the lower left corner of the Distribution Curve window.

As previously mentioned, the Random Simulation yields the results of each trial in a the Results box along with a distribution curve as seen previously in Picture-8, which shows a well defined distribution curve.

At narrow great circle bandwidths of only a few kilometers, few sites are encompassed and the distribution curve is therefore incomplete, as can be seen in Picture-9, which shows the results and distribution curve from a test trial on all impact craters at 1 kilometer great circle bandwidth. The incomplete “half-bell” shape of the distribution curve is due to the fact that at narrow great circle bandwidths there are many random great circle sets that yield “Zero Hits“—no sites being encompassed, or transected by any of the randomized great circles.

The Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) requires a complete distribution curve to accurately calculate the probability of random occurrence. The probability results of the simulation are therefore not valid at very narrow great circle bandwidths. As one increases the width of the great circles the simulation results in less instances of “zero hit” runs and a complete distribution curve begins to form. Picture-10 shows a complete distribution curve begin to form at around 8 kilometers of great circle bandwidth for the impact craters trial. It is at this great circle width, or greater, that one may have statistical confidence in the results for that particular category of sites (all impact craters). The specific bandwidth at which a complete distribution curve forms varies with site category being tested, yet all categories show a clear distribution curve forming by a great circle bandwidths of 8 kilometers.

THE NULL HYPOTHESIS EXPERIMENT

The Random Simulation provides the experimental data for the statistically analysis of the Nazca Great Circle Map Hypothesis. The initial experiment entails a complete scan of great circle bandwidth on the following four site categories: 1. Monuments, 2. Volcanoes, 3. Impact Craters, and 4. All three categories combined.

This initial experiment excludes the subcategories of monument sites: submerged sites, geoglyphic sites (with the exception of the Nazca Geoglyphic Monument itself), and the category “OTHER”. These excluded subcategories are available for selection in the simulation for any user to test individually or in combination. A few new monuments have been added to the list since this experiment. These additions only improve the result. The population tested for the experiment were the Capital Monuments of each monument group and those not satellites of a monument group (non-satellite monuments). The volcanoes tested were are all those belonging to the “Ultra” and “Decade” categories. All impact craters accepted in the field of Geology were included in the experiment.

Each experimental trial consisted of 100,000 runs, or 100,000 random map iterations, at each bandwidth tested. This number of runs was determined, through trial and error, to balance statistical accuracy of the results with computation times. At 100,000 runs per trial there is very little variance in the trial results and these produce well-defined Distribution Curves that allow the Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) to yield accurate calculations of the probability of random occurrence.

In order to reduce computation times each scan begins at 1 kilometer great circle bandwidth, then 5 kms, then 10 kms and increasing by 10 kilometer increments each trial thereon. The 10 kilometer increments allow the scan of the entire range without the thwarting computation times involved in doing all 1 km increments. However, in the attempt to precisely locate the great circle bandwidth at which the exact maximum(s) occurs, several spans of the scans are in 1 kilometer increments. In the future we hope to provide complete 1km resolution for all data—until such a time a user may test the Random Simulation at any missing great circle bandwidth in question, or use it to verify the results of the experimental presented below.

RESULTS ANALYSIS

The complete results of the Random Simulation scans are provided in Table-1 thru Table-4 in the Data section, where the experiment results for the monumental, volcanic, impact crater and all categories combined are tabulated. The right side columns of the tables give the probability of random occurrence and can be seen to vary with both great circle bandwidth and between site category—each category peaking in probability by different amounts and at different great circle bandwidths.

In statistical analysis “statistical significance” is the point at which the probability of an event occurring randomly is considered to be sufficiently unlikely for rejecting the Null Hypothesis and accepting the Alternative Hypothesis. This significance level is often set at .05 (5%) or .01 (1%). This is to mean: If random chance reproduces the effect less than once in twenty, or less than once in one hundred times, the Alternative Hypothesis (Nazca Map Hypothesis), must be statistically accepted as true.

The probability of occurrence of great circle alignments shown by this experiment is far above the threshold acceptance level for each category of sites, within a broad range of great circle bandwidths.

To help visualize the data, graphs of the probability of random occurrence according to great circle bandwidth for monuments, volcanoes, impact craters and all three categories combined, are presented below.

The horizontal axis of the graphs represent great circle bandwidth in kilometers. Since the Continuous Distribution Function (CDF) yields results as decimals, the graph plots 1 / CDF, to represent the Probability of Random Occurrence and avoid graphing a decimal on the Y-axis. The higher the probability peak on the Y-axis of the graph, the less likely that the Nazca great circle alignments could be the result of random chance for great circles of that bandwidth.

The first graph for the ancient monument category shows a peak at 40 kilometers great circle width with a probability of random occurrence of 2112—the random great circles only achieving geographic correlation with monuments, equivalent to the Nazca map’s great circle alignments, only once in 2112 random iterations. This is 100 times greater than required for statistically significance. The strength of correlation is evidence of the monuments being in purposeful great circle alignment with great circles of the Nazca map.

The second graph shows the result for the volcanic category. The peak occurs at 28 kilometers great circle bandwidth, with a probability of random occurrence of once in 612 random iterations; 6 times greater than required for statistical significance.

The last graph shows the results for the impact crater category. The peak occurs at 1 kilometer greats circle width and a probability of random occurrence of once in 161 random iterations. As previously mentioned, however, the distribution curve is incomplete until about 8 kilometers of great circle width. We therefore consider 8 kilometer great circle width to be the start of statistical confidence. The maximum is therefore at 9 kilometers great circle width and probability of random occurrence of once in 37 random iterations. This is still nearly twice the generally accepted, ” once in 20 “, minimum threshold. This is clear evidence of correlation with the great circles of the Nazca map, but not as strong as the other two categories. The lack of both natural and artificial linearity in the geographic distribution of impact craters—their geographic randomness—is the likely explanation. Volcanoes, having more geologic linearity, are more easily incorporated into great circle alignments, snd the monuments are purposefully placed in order to reinforce the the great circle alignments.

The last graph shows the results for the monuments, volcanoes and impact craters combined category. At a great circle bandwidth of 29 kilometers the probability of random occurrence is once in 42,028 random iterations…. 420 times the required statistical threshold.

The fact that all categories combined reaches a probability of random occurrence far greater than any individual category constitutes overwhelming evidence that all the categories have great circle alignment with the great circles of the Nazca Map.

This initial experiment does not take into account triangulation or hierarchy. In other words, it does not test for the fact that in many cases the larger volcanoes and impact craters are “triangulated”, or transected, by more than one great circle. An example of this prioritizing can be seen in Image-21, where the third largest known meteor crater (red dot) Chicxulub – nemesis of the dinosaurs -is triangulated by two Nazca map great circles at the tip of the Yucatan Peninsula. A volcanic example of the same principle is seen in Image-22, showing the triple great circle transection of Mount Kerinci—largest volcano in Sumatra and one of the largest on Earth. Random simulation tests that include multiple transections upon single sites will be run and added to this work in the near future.

It is worth noting that the ancient monuments for testing by the random simulation experiment are a broad population in an attempt at being inclusive and non biased. In other words, the list of monuments gives the Null Hypothesis the advantage. It is a fact that if one selected only the sites known to be encompassed by the great circles the experiment would retain scientific and statistical validity—the Random Simulation would still calculate an accurate probability of occurrence of even greater statistical significance.

CONCLUSION

The Nazca Great Circle Map Hypothesis, as tested by the Random Simulation program, yields overwhelming statistical evidence of being true. The geographic correlation of ancient monuments, volcanoes and impact craters with the great circles of the Nazca map is statistically unarguable.

The empirical evidence in the form of newly discovered accepted impact craters and ancient monuments will continue to strengthen the proof presented here. In fact, we encourage all people to use the Nazca great circle map to assist in the rediscovery of our past, and all that remains hidden in Earth’s majesty.

DATA

Table-1: Monumental Category Random Simulation Results

Great Circle	Nazca Map	Mean	Max	Variance	CDF	Prob. of Random
Width (Kms)	Transects	Random	Random			Occurrence (1/CDF)
1	1	1.02117	8	1.065102	0.5081828785	1.967795536
5	10	5.05436	23	6.146025	0.02302583716	43.42947416
10	16	10.05015	34	13.964595	0.05567226352	17.96226589
15	22	14.94994	48	23.140274	0.07138181693	14.00916988
20	30	19.79984	55	33.873076	0.0398364322	25.10264963
25	40	24.58318	66	44.752521	0.01059590645	94.37606916
26	42	25.55066	66	47.158674	0.008302414272	120.4468926
27	46	26.52405	69	50.044822	0.002951859247	338.7695403
28	47	27.45412	77	52.057455	0.003374015161	296.382782
29	49	28.40861	70	54.694328	0.002682249567	372.8213856
30	51	29.34177	72	57.410663	0.002128754118	469.7583397
31	52	30.31206	77	60.033299	0.002562069602	390.3094589
32	53	31.2058	80	62.383526	0.002895869506	345.3194275
33	54	32.12268	80	64.82677	0.003292131537	303.7545702
34	57	33.08361	84	67.591259	0.00181267657	551.6703953
35	59	34.01746	81	70.436815	0.001456790543	686.4404803
36	60	34.9362	86	72.91023	0.001666119912	600.1968963
37	61	35.96296	87	75.687908	0.002001911018	499.5227016
38	63	36.83956	90	78.085459	0.001535874147	651.0950145
39	65	37.73091	90	80.825121	0.001209976229	826.4625172
40	69	38.6493	91	84.28515	0.000473314772	2112.758906
41	69	39.57325	92	87.174274	0.000811549119	1232.211306
42	69	40.52519	100	89.741445	0.001324288495	755.1224705
43	71	41.42047	104	92.301835	0.001039066504	962.4023064
45	72	43.25039	101	98.466695	0.001882195946	531.2943119
50	75	47.80773	109	113.940582	0.005425617128	184.3108307
55	80	52.2583	111	127.849121	0.007073883722	141.3650605
60	86	56.70239	122	143.206298	0.007178120057	139.3122422
70	100	65.52776	132	177.307389	0.004814918106	207.6878522
80	112	74.03965	153	207.270258	0.004185766991	238.9048416
90	129	82.52369	163	239.173399	0.001326976378	753.5929174
95	135	86.56765	170	258.085703	0.00128588917	777.671998
96	139	87.50512	177	261.726134	0.000728716781	1372.275246
97	141	88.2559	174	264.803115	0.00059503681	1680.5683
98	142	89.05034	172	270.952386	0.00064826808	1542.571709
99	144	89.93731	177	275.9765	0.000568300706	1759.63181
100	145	90.80907	180	276.470356	0.000558762887	1789.667895
101	145	91.66319	174	278.915689	0.000702373611	1423.743695
102	145	92.45056	168	282.631536	0.000886684413	1127.796976
103	147	93.24157	182	288.557414	0.000776255282	1288.236001
104	147	94.00979	180	291.370714	0.000953441684	1048.831844
105	148	94.89148	181	295.227043	0.00099772606	1002.279123
110	154	98.87309	183	310.885484	0.000884394405	1130.717239
111	155	99.7239	185	315.047309	0.00092215475	1084.416688
112	157	100.61823	199	318.859262	0.000795723998	1256.717156
113	158	101.30142	192	321.355606	0.000781151455	1280.161476
114	159	102.08883	191	323.749699	0.000780886027	1280.596611
115	160	102.91424	194	331.526345	0.000858610706	1164.672177
120	163	106.86447	194	344.326202	0.001242381067	804.90602
130	174	114.78037	208	379.878153	0.001189229289	840.8807362
140	183	122.37565	217	412.194277	0.001413062672	707.6826951
150	188	129.98368	228	447.046494	0.003035377107	329.4483567
160	197	137.53499	242	486.315496	0.003503488017	285.4298331
170	203	145.00025	248	515.69263	0.005323784325	187.8363095
180	211	152.08705	269	548.807932	0.005955276812	167.918307
190	215	159.37151	266	585.49373	0.01075289324	92.99822638
200	223	166.00976	276	615.751545	0.01081893095	92.43057418
210	227	173.16618	290	647.696024	0.01720268676	58.13045451
220	236	179.82913	292	684.907233	0.01592356911	62.79999121
230	242	186.61424	306	713.384989	0.01905576134	52.47756741
240	247	193.24783	311	743.45985	0.02434101669	41.08291829
250	252	199.51142	320	770.38527	0.02930655829	34.12205521
260	257	206.17046	338	797.460283	0.03593386954	27.82889828
270	264	212.33561	338	825.596916	0.03608273244	27.71408739
280	269	218.58519	349	860.947243	0.04288145728	23.32010299
290	280	224.72634	345	874.20547	0.03078082995	32.48775299
300	285	230.56728	363	900.570613	0.03485047906	28.69401015
310	292	236.54587	365	937.834216	0.03508578521	28.50157105
320	297	242.51655	371	954.029726	0.03887109384	25.72605762
330	302	248.15849	387	986.530291	0.04324580705	23.12362905
340	308	253.85356	387	1006.156715	0.0439097195	22.77400109
350	317	259.27308	387	1029.225247	0.03597920088	27.79383576
360	318	264.80199	402	1056.194722	0.05082519261	19.67528205
370	321	270.47386	404	1083.241617	0.06237234942	16.03274543
380	331	275.90581	408	1100.734938	0.04839713609	20.66237965
390	336	281.08383	417	1116.950463	0.05017357297	19.930811
400	345	286.34046	439	1138.189527	0.04104140838	24.36563557
410	350	291.47928	443	1161.900531	0.04300587835	23.25263518
420	354	296.43749	435	1173.99149	0.04647942138	21.51489778
430	358	301.63634	443	1189.244591	0.05108537366	19.57507459
440	363	306.61545	454	1216.526131	0.05298360192	18.87376403
450	366	311.44839	456	1233.742836	0.06020140348	16.61090842
460	373	316.33507	457	1256.927218	0.05498770683	18.18588295
470	379	321.07557	468	1265.921739	0.05176087601	19.3196112
480	383	325.63803	479	1291.713868	0.05524110983	18.10246034
490	384	330.25207	494	1299.348731	0.06797117791	14.71211815
500	390	335.00071	499	1319.096089	0.06497181552	15.39128916
510	391	339.42469	487	1330.040868	0.07865230332	12.71418582
520	397	343.69373	513	1346.045469	0.07311986051	13.67617489
530	400	348.29412	513	1350.167813	0.07968873983	12.54882436
540	402	352.51666	502	1386.876182	0.09196680984	10.87348797
550	406	356.91819	506	1380.507217	0.09325149258	10.72368894
560	408	361.02424	514	1404.888732	0.1050494301	9.519328177
570	411	365.22523	530	1422.715521	0.112454762	8.892464687
580	413	369.34287	521	1418.77839	0.1232202343	8.115550223
590	418	373.34005	531	1433.288056	0.1190706402	8.398375944
600	423	377.46866	553	1442.746338	0.115319667	8.671547757
610	431	381.44567	537	1465.369628	0.09774332372	10.23087779
620	436	385.39997	562	1472.637334	0.09365662155	10.67730165
630	439	389.13563	534	1478.156555	0.09732066309	10.27531018
640	442	393.06882	558	1481.649484	0.1018292447	9.820361553
650	445	396.90595	548	1497.393225	0.106959084	9.349369526
660	447	400.63561	551	1506.00543	0.1160954636	8.61360099
670	450	404.14945	559	1516.747995	0.119537528	8.365573694
680	454	408.04942	570	1519.082398	0.1192063784	8.388812856
690	455	411.62236	561	1527.614848	0.1335347632	7.488686663
700	456	415.03084	572	1539.163169	0.1481791814	6.748586346
710	460	418.62427	574	1539.884077	0.1458519987	6.856265318
720	463	421.97426	578	1547.427457	0.1484925267	6.73434564
730	464	425.40145	582	1555.604508	0.1638798245	6.102032409
740	470	428.68538	573	1564.879174	0.1481521399	6.749818132
750	476	431.98916	587	1570.734702	0.1333975079	7.496391917
760	478	435.42577	582	1571.44305	0.1414151195	7.071379664
770	481	438.65389	599	1584.254858	0.1436869055	6.959576424
780	484	441.67153	607	1588.947317	0.1441437701	6.937518002
790	489	445.09457	599	1600.589407	0.1362259478	7.340745404
800	491	448.31755	617	1605.023112	0.143349705	6.975947386
810	492	451.30103	614	1607.158351	0.1550038797	6.45145142
820	493	454.49558	615	1611.93494	0.1687692421	5.925250286
830	494	457.41974	615	1612.506718	0.1811600442	5.519980988
840	498	460.52534	616	1620.258478	0.175929077	5.684108715
850	500	463.43619	611	1618.179448	0.1816893075	5.503901215
860	502	466.48886	637	1626.970156	0.1893241908	5.281945196
870	504	469.32225	614	1608.774605	0.1936357015	5.164336908
880	506	472.16453	621	1626.08326	0.2007135869	4.982223751
890	507	474.83106	642	1616.914159	0.2118536418	4.720239839
900	508	477.71121	630	1630.12197	0.2265698161	4.413650579
910	512	480.52111	639	1646.293434	0.2189250885	4.567772504
920	515	483.1917	637	1646.961091	0.216582156	4.617185544
930	517	485.95266	643	1640.535159	0.2216791989	4.511023158
940	520	488.67956	653	1634.313578	0.2192444428	4.561119029
950	521	491.12097	651	1649.146596	0.2309380165	4.33016623
960	523	494.059	666	1647.011579	0.237884422	4.203722091
970	525	496.67005	646	1636.426563	0.2418632138	4.134568396
980	527	498.84554	649	1657.961282	0.2446417651	4.087609487
990	527	501.36378	673	1654.681304	0.2642731095	3.783964256
1000	529	504.20158	648	1660.686666	0.2714188356	3.684342679
1010	529	506.40903	657	1658.370444	0.2895342127	3.453823266
1020	532	508.87871	656	1638.136339	0.2839102453	3.522239921
1030	534	511.23905	663	1647.221285	0.2874640991	3.478695264
1040	536	513.77767	668	1665.580659	0.2930448734	3.412446662
1050	539	516.11837	662	1654.993519	0.2869025501	3.485504049
1060	541	518.64964	681	1670.139988	0.2922236238	3.422036818
1070	541	520.60727	675	1656.148993	0.3081498383	3.245174508
1080	542	523.04175	681	1646.860247	0.3201910612	3.123135281
1090	543	525.20885	681	1658.257932	0.3310934045	3.020295743
1100	543	527.57748	686	1656.595357	0.3523737641	2.837895729

Table-2: Volcanoes Random Simulation Results

Great Circle	Nazca Map	Mean	Max	Variance	CDF	Prob. of Random
Width (Kms)	Transects	Random	Random			Occurrence (1/CDF)
1	1	1.06743	10	1.103943	0.525585418	1.902640305
5	7	5.29834	20	5.974093	0.2431503861	4.11268111
10	16	10.5045	30	12.84324	0.06258237938	15.97893864
15	24	15.63637	40	20.456923	0.03221730367	31.03922073
20	35	20.69784	60	28.946339	0.0039267391	254.6642327
25	42	25.69257	64	37.619757	0.003921554744	255.0009028
26	44	26.69014	60	39.585027	0.002968528962	336.8671867
27	46	27.67653	65	41.249197	0.002165511682	461.784625
28	48	28.68181	63	43.134105	0.001633592009	612.1479503
29	49	29.66687	67	45.038554	0.001983468133	504.1674143
30	50	30.62546	70	46.54718	0.002257232026	443.0204731
31	50	31.6214	69	49.440602	0.004477213779	223.3531945
32	51	32.64077	76	50.748564	0.004980688373	200.7754602
33	51	33.55681	72	52.291873	0.007928833264	126.121961
34	54	34.50658	72	54.545397	0.004152364871	240.8266207
35	54	35.52253	85	56.756652	0.007090573902	141.0323077
40	60	40.39859	86	66.852256	0.008257339141	121.1043876
50	67	49.8339	103	87.841591	0.03350837487	29.84328556
60	78	59.10053	114	109.518224	0.03546284285	28.19852893
70	85	68.18744	133	131.316206	0.07116755282	14.05134728
80	98	77.06967	151	155.586236	0.0466741014	21.42515806
90	106	85.84118	161	179.094516	0.06598953331	15.15391835
100	127	94.42899	173	202.284058	0.011008378	90.83990394
110	132	102.91441	176	227.551104	0.02691889936	37.14862136
120	146	111.14367	197	250.558729	0.01383093833	72.30167443
130	152	119.22442	200	274.575916	0.02396618085	41.72546333
140	163	127.21034	219	298.747437	0.01919602778	52.09411091
150	173	134.95524	226	318.454017	0.01650659338	60.58185217
160	185	142.72018	233	342.060581	0.01112629858	89.87714946
170	192	150.29382	252	364.86465	0.01450295728	68.95145457
180	202	157.79507	250	390.256434	0.01262135224	79.23081304
190	208	164.99132	271	405.106165	0.0163055657	61.3287523
200	216	172.28121	272	430.787731	0.01758572996	56.86428727
210	222	179.4202	293	449.771632	0.02233543338	44.77190942
220	228	186.45187	290	468.558404	0.02746571029	36.40903474
230	231	193.27179	293	491.724	0.04443429082	22.50514145
240	240	200.00673	311	512.510905	0.0386485952	25.87416165
250	246	206.59195	321	533.380125	0.04397204469	22.74172163
260	253	213.3246	327	556.530855	0.0463029329	21.59690407
270	258	219.5861	338	567.154773	0.05337131114	18.73665793
280	261	225.94754	343	589.071208	0.07433796813	13.45207604
290	268	232.36097	360	607.981611	0.07417623908	13.48140607
300	275	238.55869	373	626.364095	0.07268742462	13.75753791
310	280	244.78349	364	643.883313	0.08259126895	12.10781736
320	288	250.63226	374	654.373027	0.07203822694	13.88151878
330	296	256.61355	368	671.534506	0.06426908624	15.55958017
340	306	262.63585	404	689.667305	0.04934447003	20.26569541
350	307	268.14099	405	706.432372	0.07186642608	13.91470335
360	313	273.76086	414	725.445872	0.07257790805	13.77829738
370	320	279.39783	416	737.042761	0.06738459882	14.8401863
380	331	284.99563	402	748.572471	0.04633844321	21.58035382
390	338	290.17282	413	755.621413	0.0409388648	24.42666656
400	346	295.77335	434	776.56512	0.03574317208	27.97737139
410	350	300.89422	436	787.912331	0.04010936773	24.93183155
420	358	306.19442	426	804.793921	0.03391454552	29.48587353
430	364	311.48155	442	817.75464	0.03313891359	30.17600433
440	369	316.43775	474	822.092725	0.03338525483	29.95334333
450	374	321.32865	453	837.253579	0.03435571464	29.10723908
460	379	326.16899	458	854.192092	0.03533153211	28.30332964
470	386	331.19889	451	862.501493	0.03102134521	32.23586835
480	392	336.05281	464	865.745641	0.02862205781	34.9380889
490	397	340.80971	480	883.4861	0.02934999855	34.07155194
500	401	345.32359	463	895.56028	0.03140918161	31.83782412
510	405	350.01436	475	901.864074	0.03355329088	29.80333594
520	408	354.59749	477	911.616776	0.03847151832	25.99325537
530	409	359.02311	495	925.706976	0.05023260826	19.90738755
540	412	363.59067	493	937.790139	0.05696217223	17.55551028
550	417	367.94185	493	932.443129	0.05407422593	18.49309875
560	422	372.06626	494	954.41211	0.05301306257	18.86327542
570	429	376.22809	516	955.073145	0.04385589447	22.80195198
580	431	380.78328	498	965.490372	0.05303387703	18.85587206
590	433	384.90707	514	971.336167	0.06139833737	16.28708598
600	437	389.01736	542	984.523759	0.06310449066	15.84673277
610	438	392.96014	524	994.257271	0.07658942141	13.05663343
620	444	397.06876	534	993.364532	0.06823781396	14.65463124
630	445	401.0429	545	1001.14926	0.08237875743	12.13905175
640	448	405.05289	555	1008.513173	0.08812967531	11.34691574
650	449	408.96138	538	1014.523228	0.1043701037	9.581287791
660	452	412.61073	552	1021.269179	0.1088701238	9.185256387
670	453	416.4361	559	1026.166817	0.1268486668	7.88340962
680	455	420.11814	552	1035.705143	0.1392088107	7.183453368
690	457	423.86861	554	1033.035347	0.1513130558	6.608815048
700	457	427.4143	549	1041.037496	0.1795827602	5.568463247
710	459	431.00524	576	1041.586033	0.1928561043	5.185213107
720	460	434.58207	586	1048.211885	0.2162024109	4.625295322
730	460	438.01121	567	1060.227344	0.2497006453	4.004795418
740	461	441.54242	578	1056.013061	0.274665803	3.640788147
750	464	444.89086	583	1060.069408	0.2786309267	3.588977046
760	469	448.38024	580	1072.115938	0.2644316441	3.781695656
770	470	451.57688	593	1070.973209	0.2867326527	3.487569311
780	472	454.92461	585	1083.679586	0.3019833179	3.311441198
790	476	458.11428	603	1080.20558	0.2931541947	3.411174113
800	481	461.20839	592	1088.029124	0.2742486687	3.646325813
810	482	464.51115	600	1085.204896	0.2977471264	3.358554664
820	482	467.64847	602	1103.311777	0.3328470762	3.004382708
830	484	471.14171	604	1082.846468	0.3479907504	2.873639598

Table-3: Impact Craters Random Simulation Results

Great Circle	Nazca Map	Mean	Max	Variance	CDF	Prob. of Random
Width (Kms)	Transects	Random	Random			Occurrence (1/CDF)
1	4	1.19539	10	1.258353	0.006206510536	161.1211315
4	10	4.78826	22	5.594426	0.01378120661	72.56258676
5	12	5.96336	27	7.203938	0.01225281205	81.61391816
6	13	7.16138	28	8.875296	0.02500773089	39.9876344
7	15	8.34258	28	10.640719	0.02063067527	48.47151085
8	17	9.48358	34	12.42679	0.01649447368	60.62636611
9	18	10.67208	35	14.316068	0.02638924255	37.89422899
10	18	11.84807	43	16.194667	0.06316806107	15.8307851
11	19	13.01841	39	18.264651	0.08081318178	12.37421888
12	19	14.14543	42	20.3108	0.1407005084	7.107294861
13	21	15.30301	52	22.399835	0.1143502186	8.745064173
14	23	16.4775	48	24.580874	0.0941584624	10.62039433
15	25	17.6212	55	26.830806	0.07714840371	12.96203099
16	25	18.75984	55	29.077263	0.1235896034	8.091295484
17	27	19.8972	55	31.601412	0.1032042078	9.689527403
18	27	21.01672	56	33.53	0.1507339324	6.634206274
19	28	22.15131	61	36.088755	0.1651320059	6.055761233
20	29	23.29432	66	38.465576	0.1787955357	5.592980808
30	40	34.47916	92	64.874946	0.2465345257	4.056227001
40	50	45.42652	105	94.975961	0.3194316886	3.13055979
50	64	56.00411	122	124.997573	0.2372485632	4.214988645
60	81	66.50774	137	158.66104	0.124961184	8.002484994
70	93	76.64051	150	193.054737	0.1195149799	8.367151973
80	102	86.597	168	229.731131	0.1547580628	6.461698874
90	114	96.41801	179	263.994578	0.1396023252	7.163204472
100	128	106.05148	187	301.42801	0.1030803582	9.701169234
110	135	115.43257	200	335.225333	0.1425971405	7.012763347
120	147	124.70398	210	374.207732	0.1245414779	8.029453454
130	153	133.98436	230	415.080675	0.1753195608	5.703870095
140	159	142.76677	242	445.577974	0.2209378456	4.526159822
150	173	151.48566	258	480.854414	0.1632672952	6.12492538
160	181	160.00365	270	516.597137	0.1778008542	5.624269944
170	192	168.48983	293	552.689457	0.158646804	6.303310089
180	200	176.89173	282	586.116428	0.1699155586	5.885276241
190	213	184.94776	303	617.007931	0.1293786169	7.729252517
200	220	192.9716	314	657.524893	0.145928341	6.852678468
210	227	200.71606	313	683.864958	0.1574265757	6.352167639
220	234	208.60909	323	720.008419	0.1720085577	5.813664234
230	238	216.26911	335	749.88647	0.2137258146	4.678891981
240	242	223.78594	342	779.944298	0.2571388815	3.888949015
250	247	231.14476	355	819.542105	0.2898429004	3.450144884
260	256	238.51884	355	852.434485	0.2746724407	3.640700164
270	258	245.65268	372	876.063069	0.3382798508	2.95613232
280	267	252.71854	383	902.82458	0.3172853487	3.151737085
290	277	259.64768	382	935.312711	0.2852257276	3.505995088
300	280	266.65235	392	965.351229	0.3337440752	2.996307872
310	284	273.24067	410	988.031148	0.3660646446	2.731757942

Table-4: Combined Sites Random Simulation Results

Great Circle	Nazca Map	Mean	Max	Variance	CDF	Prob. of Random
Width (Kms)	Transects	Random	Random			Occurrence (1/CDF)
1	4	2.55209	14	2.663547	0.187491181	5.333584196
5	22	12.6277	35	14.804793	0.00742905781	134.6065713
10	41	25.03711	54	33.171713	0.00278924	358.5206006
15	56	37.26856	76	53.666656	0.002327837864	429.5831834
20	80	49.33209	99	77.576146	0.000248907	4017.564793
25	98	61.26521	110	102.232174	0.000139989107	7143.412951
26	102	63.6099	129	108.277122	0.00011241	8896.005693
27	108	66.0185	118	113.291738	0.000040033557	24979.04446
28	112	68.37101	125	118.620962	0.000030897725	32364.8424
29	116	70.74046	136	123.8539	0.000023793363	42028.52703
30	119	73.0472	134	129.041112	0.000026130997	38268.72737
31	122	75.34145	142	135.056422	0.000029736803	33628.36281
32	124	77.70807	139	140.769927	0.000047766007	20935.39031
33	125	80.03597	147	147.275298	0.000105652466	9464.994409
34	132	82.43277	147	152.2885	0.000029519003	33876.48289
35	134	84.65352	149	158.741712	0.00004490089	22271.27346
40	151	96.17217	163	187.545587	0.000031196616	32054.75876
50	168	118.78882	208	253.347863	0.0000994883031	10051.43287
60	194	141.02102	224	321.328858	0.001560890533	640.6599174
70	218	162.66455	258	390.515923	0.002553801636	391.5730908
80	247	183.96978	277	460.188767	0.001650639335	605.8258632
90	277	204.84769	302	535.716012	0.000912482596	1095.911313
100	320	225.30833	345	612.745463	0.000065291942	15315.82565
110	337	245.36777	373	687.031795	0.000236226922	4233.217753
120	362	265.19888	392	765.948807	0.0002346588	4261.506494
130	382	284.684	407	846.266184	0.000411017349	2432.987324
140	404	303.48112	441	908.987444	0.000427996659	2336.466837
150	422	322.38346	459	999.969798	0.000815796023	1225.796611
160	444	340.70341	480	1073.878384	0.000810333605	1234.059644
170	462	358.95801	510	1161.500687	0.001249502463	800.3185505
180	485	376.70349	532	1240.469532	0.001053105378	949.5725887
190	500	394.18363	563	1314.49915	0.001758106438	568.7937763
200	517	411.18308	571	1375.696962	0.002165791214	461.7250239
210	530	428.32752	582	1454.915971	0.003843291343	260.1936493
220	547	445.16167	620	1534.805293	0.004668406826	214.2058388
230	557	461.56165	651	1615.862679	0.008793067804	113.7259512
240	573	477.6758	661	1679.261974	0.01000438504	99.95616886
250	587	493.28549	685	1754.787585	0.01263835912	79.1241957
260	602	509.14954	688	1813.388018	0.01461344308	68.43014303
270	615	525.0465	721	1897.561698	0.01946148546	51.38353914
280	625	540.12515	755	1960.099827	0.02761396968	36.21355465
290	649	554.99168	746	2032.975651	0.018535924	53.94929328
300	664	569.89871	770	2112.26969	0.02030520413	49.24845836
310	677	584.41593	788	2157.882232	0.02312692766	43.23963886
320	692	598.43504	784	2242.36338	0.02408426661	41.52088233
330	707	612.61112	809	2287.499792	0.02421849024	41.29076545
340	726	626.86294	832	2364.380555	0.02073435656	48.22913106
350	738	640.11112	859	2424.080112	0.02339483454	42.74447841
360	746	653.84835	862	2491.161772	0.03242436333	30.84100649
370	758	667.32182	897	2563.080392	0.03663801125	27.29405789
380	783	680.1201	898	2609.258756	0.02200172369	45.45098438
390	796	693.23311	914	2665.45181	0.02326652404	42.98020617
400	814	706.20757	929	2712.827345	0.0192469686	51.95623377
410	824	718.93374	946	2796.08119	0.02346360038	42.61920523
420	838	731.22764	933	2836.3268	0.02248983119	44.46454007
430	850	743.43786	983	2913.272539	0.02417401709	41.36672842
440	863	755.65347	983	2958.524327	0.02421586895	41.29523504
450	871	767.63374	981	3022.904954	0.03005146811	33.27624449
460	886	779.29083	1011	3066.210708	0.02698455174	37.05824019
470	900	791.13548	1046	3115.796805	0.02557008317	39.10820287
480	915	802.41172	1029	3187.439587	0.02306422332	43.35719379
490	922	814.07897	1053	3224.508254	0.02868191171	34.8651795
500	936	825.02025	1060	3237.188618	0.02555463049	39.13185129
510	942	836.06251	1071	3299.545842	0.03257248786	30.70075594
520	953	847.25598	1079	3351.688194	0.03388611634	29.51061107
530	959	857.94902	1113	3405.845621	0.04167933717	23.99270401
540	964	868.4549	1121	3411.768986	0.05094529566	19.62889776
550	973	878.21562	1133	3500.181428	0.05456598332	18.32643598
560	984	888.78872	1115	3555.596181	0.05516266352	18.12820368
570	996	899.44963	1164	3580.327223	0.05330843918	18.75875594
580	1001	909.35884	1159	3622.865774	0.06393878305	15.63995985
590	1008	919.07867	1161	3649.251501	0.07051215979	14.18195107
600	1019	928.8176	1160	3680.18749	0.06856355212	14.58500864
610	1033	938.79899	1179	3717.840225	0.06118099908	16.34494394
620	1044	948.45919	1200	3760.106955	0.05960753895	16.7764014
630	1050	958.09717	1205	3806.295228	0.06816111864	14.67112072
640	1059	967.08421	1227	3860.617499	0.06952758447	14.3827807
650	1063	976.46744	1248	3896.90324	0.08284592196	12.07060017
660	1069	985.56907	1235	3946.926289	0.09208930993	10.85902371
670	1074	993.96932	1243	3909.476539	0.1002791915	9.972158576
680	1081	1003.91915	1247	3953.116333	0.1101066603	9.082102725
690	1086	1011.78911	1294	4050.759835	0.1218067741	8.209724028
700	1088	1020.80695	1260	4018.741322	0.1445870414	6.916249137
710	1096	1029.14385	1286	4058.285497	0.1469809157	6.803604367
720	1102	1037.43399	1275	4106.317103	0.1568290951	6.376367851
730	1105	1046.26562	1325	4153.934986	0.1810680195	5.522786425
740	1114	1053.75957	1341	4168.303383	0.1753951481	5.701411988
750	1126	1062.66836	1320	4224.228095	0.1649235466	6.063415568
760	1134	1070.85219	1327	4220.337482	0.1655150159	6.041747901
770	1139	1078.31119	1354	4268.141571	0.1764592363	5.667031214
780	1145	1086.00084	1353	4260.138119	0.183016711	5.463981921
790	1156	1093.60453	1359	4302.748453	0.1707468548	5.856623252
800	1164	1101.58658	1376	4278.121684	0.1699845403	5.882887928
810	1168	1109.36038	1365	4330.010266	0.1864266254	5.364040666
820	1169	1116.57129	1375	4358.431398	0.2135532386	4.682673072
830	1174	1124.10626	1378	4357.648109	0.2248777163	4.446861238
840	1181	1131.73106	1401	4369.709466	0.2280328627	4.385332834
850	1189	1138.78048	1399	4431.270171	0.2253009996	4.438506717
860	1192	1145.76037	1420	4445.039207	0.2439828264	4.098649134
870	1196	1152.39085	1438	4458.018866	0.2568328052	3.893583607
880	1205	1159.75399	1413	4486.662449	0.249682399	4.005088079
890	1210	1166.87005	1428	4479.115243	0.2596448891	3.851414151
900	1213	1173.77874	1452	4531.125524	0.2800595931	3.570668618
910	1221	1180.13171	1443	4543.291422	0.2721514534	3.674424618
920	1227	1187.44829	1454	4546.858346	0.2787509147	3.587432174
930	1231	1193.42076	1459	4545.085821	0.2886226821	3.46473116
940	1237	1199.95829	1503	4570.10487	0.2918687194	3.426197922
950	1241	1206.53419	1470	4590.408551	0.3054807946	3.273528214
960	1245	1213.07763	1460	4611.649704	0.3191507693	3.133315336
970	1248	1219.44038	1466	4620.625185	0.3371887451	2.965698039

Table-5: ANCIENT MONUMENTS

Abydos-Oseiron— lat :26.18500, lon :31.91889, type : Monument

Abdera (Thrace)— lat :40.93333, lon :24.96667, type : Monument

Ajanta Caves— lat :20.55238, lon :75.70044, type : Monument

Aksum Obelisk— lat :14.13217, lon :38.71967, type : Monument

Amaru Muru— lat :-16.1708, lon :-69.5412, type : Monument

Ancyra— lat :39.93333, lon :32.86667, type : Monument

Angkor Thom— lat :13.43950, lon :103.86220, type : Monument-Satellite—ANGKOR

ANGKOR WAT— lat :13.4125, lon :103.8667, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Anundshog Tumulus— lat :59.63056, lon :16.64472, type : Monument

Arkaim— lat :52.62694, lon :59.56111, type : Monument

Asuka Megaliths— lat :34.03333, lon :135.81667, type : Monument

Avebury— lat :51.42861, lon :-1.85417, type : Monument-Satellite-SILSBURY

Aztalan Mound— lat :43.06455, lon :-88.86223, type : Monument

Aztec Ruins— lat :36.83584, lon :-107.99812, type : Monument

BaalBek— lat :34.00634, lon :36.20732, type : Monument

BadaValley Megaliths— lat :-1.8800, lon :120.2200, type : Monument

BALLYCROVANE Stone— lat :51.71287, lon :-9.94458, type : Monument—CAPITAL

BALNUARAN of CLAVA— lat :57.4737, lon :-4.0744, type : Monument—HIGHLANDS—CAPITAL

BARNENEZ— lat :48.66750, lon :-3.85861, type : Monument—BARNENEZ—CAPITAL

Barpa Langass— lat :57.57056, lon :-7.29167, type : Monument

BELTRANA Temple— lat :39.97875, lon :3.98008, type : Monument—MINORCA—CAPITAL

Borobudur— lat :-7.60787, lon :110.20373, type : Monument

Borrehaugene— lat :59.38250, lon :10.45944, type : Monument

Boswens Menhir— lat :50.13904, lon :-5.63989, type : Monument

Brihadeeswara Temple— lat :10.78278, lon :79.13167, type : Monument

Brownshill Dolmen— lat :52.8375, lon :-6.8811, type : Monument

BRYNCELLIDDU— lat :53.2077, lon :-4.2361, type : Monument—BRYN—CAPITAL

Bryn Cader Faner Circle— lat :52.8982, lon :-4.0114, type : Monument-Satellite—BRYN

Caddoan Mounds— lat :31.59532, lon :-95.14981, type : Monument

Cahuachi— lat :-14.81861, lon :-75.11667, type : Monument-Satellite—NAZCA

CallanishStones— lat :58.1979, lon :-6.7443, type : Monument

Caral— lat :-10.89361, lon :-77.52028, type : Monument

CARNAC— lat :47.58470, lon :-3.07341, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Carthage— lat :36.85280, lon :10.32330, type : Monument

Casa Grande— lat :32.99701, lon :-111.53207, type : Monument

Catalhoyuk— lat :37.66667, lon :32.82806, type : Monument

Cempoala— lat :19.44500, lon :-96.40889, type : Monument

Chetroketl— lat :36.0600, lon :-107.9500, type : Monument

Chan Chan— lat :-8.10583, lon :-79.07444, type : Monument-Satellite—ELBRUJO

Corrimony Cairn— lat :57.33484, lon :-4.68949, type : Monument-Satellite—HIGHLANDS

Costa Rica Stone Spheres— lat :8.91139, lon :-83.47750, type : Monument

Crantit Cairn— lat :58.97138, lon :-2.95452, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Cuween Hill— lat :58.99712, lon :-3.10778, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Derinkuyu— lat :38.36667, lon :34.73333, type : Monument

Dhamek Stupa-Varanasi— lat :25.3808, lon :83.0245, type : Monument

Dholavira— lat :23.88611, lon :70.21667, type : Monument

Dilmun— lat :26.19667, lon :50.48556, type : Monument

Dogon-Tellem Caves (Sangha)— lat :14.3588, lon :-3.5950, type : Monument

Dowth— lat :53.70365, lon :-6.4502, type : Monument-Satellite—NEWGRANGE

Dolmen De Menga— lat :37.02459, lon :-4.54629, type : Monument

Dulan Ruins— lat :22.88494, lon :121.21978, type : Monument

Dwarkadhish Temple— lat :22.23789, lon :68.96756, type : Monument

Dzibilchaltun— lat :21.09100, lon :-89.59030, type : Monument-Satellite—ACANCEH

Effigy Mounds— lat :43.09413, lon :-91.18208, type : Monument

ELBRUJO— lat :-7.91498, lon :-79.30549, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Elephanta Caves— lat :18.96325, lon :72.93144, type : Monument

Emerald Mound— lat :38.63056, lon :-89.78583, type : Monument

Er Lannic— lat :47.56806, lon :-2.89694, type : Monument-Satellite—CARNAC

Etowah Mounds— lat :34.12515, lon :-84.80764, type : Monument

Frostatinget Bautasten— lat :63.56750, lon :10.70222, type : Monument

GALLARDET tomb— lat :43.58650, lon :3.51010, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Ganeriwala— lat :28.50000, lon :71.06667, type : Monument

Gavrinis— lat :47.5740, lon :-2.8970, type : Monument-Satellite—CARNAC

Gila Cliff Dwellings— lat :33.22722, lon :-108.27222, type : Monument

Gobekli Tepe— lat :37.22306, lon :38.92250, type : Monument

GGANTIJA— lat :36.04722, lon :14.26917, type : Monument—MALTA—CAPITAL

Gochang Dolmens— lat :34.96667, lon :126.92917, type : Monument

Golden Temple-Amritsar— lat :31.62000, lon :74.87694, type : Monument

Gonur Tepe— lat :38.2140, lon :62.0379, type : Monument

Grande Menhir Brise— lat :47.57165, lon :-2.94959, type : Monument-Satellite—CARNAC

Grande Menhir Counozouls— lat :42.72960, lon :2.22390, type : Monument

Grand Mound-Minnesota— lat :48.51667, lon :-93.70861, type : Monument

Grave Creek Mound— lat :39.91691, lon :-80.74458, type : Monument

GREAT PYRAMID of GIZA— lat :29.97918, lon :31.13436, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Great Zimbabwe— lat :-20.29667, lon :30.93333, type : Monument

Great Stupa-Amravati— lat :16.57300, lon :80.35800, type : Monument-Satellite—UNDAVALLI

Grey Cairns of Camster— lat :58.3791, lon :-3.2642, type : Monument

Gunung Padang Megaliths— lat :-6.99347, lon :107.05638, type : Monument

Harappa— lat :30.62889, lon :72.86389, type : Monument

Hattusa— lat :40.01972, lon :34.61528, type : Monument

Heliopolis-Obelisk— lat :30.12933, lon :31.30753, type : Monument-Satellite—GIZA

Hill of Tara— lat :53.57750, lon :-6.61194, type : Monument-Satellite—NEWGRANGE

Holm of Papa— lat :59.35053, lon :-2.86868, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Hulbjerg Jaettestue— lat :54.73612, lon :10.68419, type : Monument

Isbister Cairn— lat :58.7391, lon :-2.9314, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Jelling Stones— lat :55.75583, lon :9.41944, type : Monument

Jetavanaramaya Stupa— lat :8.35167, lon :80.40361, type : Monument

Jokhang Temple-Lhasa— lat :29.65306, lon :91.04750, type : Monument

Kaimanawa Wall-Lk.Taupo— lat :-38.94921, lon :176.18670, type : Monument

Khajuraho-Vamana Temple— lat :24.35306, lon :79.91944, type : Monument

Kings Grave-Sweden— lat :55.68333, lon :14.23333, type : Monument

Knap of Howar— lat :59.34931, lon :-2.91089, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Knossos— lat :35.29806, lon :25.16306, type : Monument

Knowe of Yarso— lat :59.13912, lon :-3.04158, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Knowth— lat :53.70167, lon :-6.49167, type : Monument-Satellite—NEWGRANGE

Komakino StoneCircle— lat :40.73856, lon :140.72863, type : Monument

Kuelap— lat :-6.41861, lon :-77.92333, type : Monument

Kukui Heiau— lat :21.05972, lon :-156.84306, type : Monument

Kyaiktiyo Pagoda-Rock— lat :17.48168, lon :97.09812, type : Monument

La Draille— lat :43.75510, lon :3.70660, type : Monument

La Hougue Bie— lat :49.2006, lon :-2.0638, type : Monument-Satellite—CARNAC

Lei Cheng Uk Han-HongKong— lat :22.33809, lon :114.16002, type : Monument

Lake Jackson Mounds— lat :30.50089, lon :-84.31164, type : Monument

Leluh Ruins-Kosrae— lat :5.33333, lon :163.03333, type : Monument

Listoghil— lat :54.25050, lon :-8.51820, type : Monument

Lubaantum— lat :16.28111, lon :-88.96500, type : Monument

Machaquila— lat :15.76667, lon :-89.38333, type : Monument

Machu Picchu— lat :-13.16333, lon :-72.54556, type : Monument-Satellite-SACSAYHUAMAN

MAESHOWE— lat :58.9966, lon :-3.1882, type : Monument—ORKNEY—CAPITAL

Maykop Kurgan— lat :44.35153, lon :40.41028, type : Monument

Menhirs CHAM de BONDONS— lat :44.4, lon :3.6, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Menhir DuBac— lat :44.39615, lon :3.41380, type : Monument-Satellite—BONDONS

Menhir De Champ Dolent— lat :48.53500, lon :-1.73917, type : Monument

Menhir De La Leque— lat :44.19293, lon :4.39452, type : Monument

Menhir De MALVES— lat :43.25327, lon :2.43564, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Menhir De Picarel— lat :43.3742, lon :2.1616, type : Monument-Satellite—MALVES

Menhir Du Pla Del Bac— lat :42.47725, lon :2.07092, type : Monument

Menhir DuRun— lat :48.77934, lon :-3.33495, type : Monument-Satellite—BARNENEZ

Menhir Glomel— lat :48.58150, lon :-3.34410, type : Monument-Satellite—KAILOUAN

Menhir Kailouan— lat :48.44833, lon :-3.12056, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Menhir Kerien— lat :48.39302, lon :-3.21454, type : Monument-Satellite—KAILOUAN

Menhirs Kergadiou— lat :48.49358, lon :-4.72499, type : Monument-Satellite—KERLOAS

Menhir KERLOAS— lat :48.42667, lon :-4.67928, type : Monument——CAPITAL

Menhirs Le Coulet— lat :43.80983, lon :3.51889, type : Monument-Satellite—GALLARDET

Menhir Louargat— lat :48.58150, lon :-3.34410, type : Monument-Satellite—BARNENEZ

Menhir Men Marz— lat :48.67030, lon :-4.3352, type : Monument-Satellite—BARNENEZ

Menhir Pedernec— lat :48.61, lon :-3.30028, type : Monument-Satellite—BARNENEZ

Menhir Pedra Dreta De Llivia— lat :42.45889, lon :1.97034, type : Monument

Menhir Pyrolles— lat :42.95083, lon :2.34056, type : Monument-Satellite—MALVES

Merrivale Stone— lat :50.55306, lon :-4.04306, type : Monument

MesaVerde-SunTemple— lat :37.16458, lon :-108.47532, type : Monument

Mohenjo-Daro— lat :27.32917, lon :68.13889, type : Monument

Monks Mound-Cahokia— lat :36.66057, lon :-90.06211, type : Monument

Monte Alban— lat :17.04389, lon :-96.76778, type : Monument

Moundville Mounds, lat :33.00788, lon :-87.63134, type : Monument

Midhowe Cairn— lat :59.15660, lon :-3.09920, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Murujuga— lat :-20.5583, lon :116.8333, type : Monument

NAZCA-spider— lat :-14.69434, lon :-75.12270, type : Monument—GEOGLYPH—CAPITAL

Nabta Playa— lat :22.5333, lon :30.7000, type : Monument

NanMadol Ruins-Ponhpei— lat :6.84194, lon :158.33222, type : Monument

Naveta D’es Tudons— lat :40.00313, lon :3.89156, type : Monument-Satellite—MINORCA

Necropolis Cerveteri— lat :42.0000, lon :12.1000, type : Monument

NEWGRANGE— lat :53.69437, lon :-6.47503, type : Monument——CAPITAL

Ocmulgee Mounds— lat :32.83684, lon :-83.60834, type : Monument

Ollantaytambo— lat :-13.25806, lon :-72.26333, type : Monument-Satellite-SACSAYHUAMAN

Oshoro Stone Circle— lat :43.19943, lon :140.87471, type : Monument

Oyu Stone Circle— lat :40.27167, lon :140.80389, type : Monument

Pachacamac— lat :-12.25667, lon :-76.90028, type : Monument

Palenque— lat :17.48398, lon :-92.04633, type : Monument

Paquime— lat :30.36630, lon :-107.94743, type : Monument

Persepolis— lat :29.93444, lon :52.89139, type : Monument

Petra— lat :30.32861, lon :35.44194, type : Monument

Phimai— lat :15.22083, lon :102.49389, type : Monument

Poverty Point Bird Mound— lat :32.63525, lon :-91.41121, type : Monument

Prasat Ta Muen Thom— lat :14.34917, lon :103.26639, type : Monument-Satellite—ANGKOR

Preah Ko— lat :13.34389, lon :103.97278, type : Monument-Satellite—ANGKOR

Preah Vihear— lat :14.39306, lon :104.68028, type : Monument

Pylos-Palace of Nestor— lat :37.02705, lon :21.69484, type : Monument

Pyramid ACANCEH— lat :20.8167, lon :-89.4500, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Pyramid AltunHa— lat :17.76395, lon :-88.34706, type : Monument

Pyramid (Bent & Red)— lat :29.79028, lon :31.20917, type : Monument-Satellite—GIZA

Pyramid BONAMPAK— lat :16.70400, lon :-91.06500, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Pyramid CALAKMUL— lat :18.10539, lon :-89.81083, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Pyramid Chichen-Itza— lat :20.68278, lon :-88.56861, type : Monument

Pyramid Cholula— lat :19.05750, lon :-98.30194, type : Monument

Pyramid COBA— lat :20.49472, lon :-87.73611, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Pyramid Cuicuilco— lat :19.30167, lon :-99.18167, type : Monument-Satellite—TEOTIHUACAN

Pyramid Djoser— lat :29.87127, lon :31.21639, type : Monument-Satellite—GIZA

Pyramid ElMirador— lat :17.75505, lon :-89.92043, type : Monument-Satellite—CALAKMUL

Pyramid Guachimontones— lat :20.69491, lon :-103.83609, type : Monument

Pyramid LaVenta— lat :18.10330, lon :-94.04019, type : Monument

Pyramid Meidum— lat :29.38806, lon :31.15694, type : Monument-Satellite—GIZA

Pyramid PiedrasNegras— lat :17.16667, lon :-91.26250, type : Monument-Satellite—BONAMPAK

Pyramid Quirigua— lat :15.26944, lon :-89.04028, type : Monument

Pyramid Tenayuca— lat :19.53217, lon :-99.16847, type : Monument-Satellite—TEOTIHUACAN

Pyramid Teotenango— lat :19.10861, lon :-99.59722, type : Monument

Pyramid TIKAL— lat :17.22194, lon :-89.62278, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Pyramid Tres Zapotes— lat :18.46782, lon :-95.43750, type : Monument

Pyrmid Uaxactun— lat :17.39356, lon :-89.63453, type : Monument-Satellite—TIKAL

Pyramid Uxmal— lat :20.35944, lon :-89.77139, type : Monument

Pyramid Xian (Emperor’s Tomb)— lat :34.38124, lon :109.25401, type : Monument

Quanterness Cairn— lat :59.01667, lon :-3.01667, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Quoyness Cairn— lat :59.22555, lon :-2.56824, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Rapa Nui-Orongo— lat :-27.18944, lon :-109.44250, type : Monument

Ring of Brodgar— lat :59.00200, lon :-3.22870, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Rhuba An Dunain— lat :56.68168, lon :-5.68319, type : Monument

Rollright Stones— lat :51.97553, lon :-1.57081, type : Monument

Saint Paul Mound— lat :44.94571, lon :-93.05650, type : Monument

SACSAYHUAMAN— lat :-13.50778, lon :-71.98222, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Sanchi Stupa— lat :23.48066, lon :77.73630, type : Monument

San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan— lat :17.75361, lon :-94.76000, type : Monument

Sechin Bajo— lat :-9.46472, lon :-78.26500, type : Monument

SerpentMound— lat :39.02520, lon :-83.43020, type : Monument

Shahr-eSukhteh— lat :30.59528, lon :61.32639, type : Monument

SHANBALLYEDMOND Court— lat :52.68020, lon :-8.23364, type : Monument

SILSBURY HILL— lat :51.41556, lon :-1.85750, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Skara Brae— lat :59.04861, lon :-3.34306, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Snoldelev Stone— lat :55.57167, lon :12.12139, type : Monument

Stonehenge— lat :51.17884, lon :-1.82619, type : Monument-Satellite-SILSBURY

Stonehenge of America— lat :42.84196, lon :-71.20969, type : Monument

Stora Hammars Stones— lat :57.85297, lon :19.02867, type : Monument

Tanis— lat :30.97694, lon :31.88000, type : Monument-Satellite—GIZA

Tarxien Temples— lat :35.86917, lon :14.51194, type : Monument-Satellite—MALTA

Taversoe Tuick— lat :59.13200, lon :-2.98800, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Tell Qaramel— lat :36.378, lon :37.275, type : Monument

Temple of Hera-Paestum— lat :40.42222, lon :15.00528, type : Monument

TEOTIHUACAN-Sun-Pyramid— lat :19.69240, lon :-98.84361, type : Monument—CAPITAL

TIWANAKU-Akapana Pyramid— lat :-16.55472, lon :-68.67333, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Toltec Mounds— lat :34.64694, lon :-92.06528, type : Monument

Toolsboro Mounds— lat :41.1428, lon :-91.0629, type : Monument

Treasury of Atreus— lat :37.7268, lon :22.7539, type : Monument

Troy— lat :39.95750, lon :26.23889, type : Monument

Tulum— lat :20.21472, lon :-87.42889, type : Monument-Satellite—COBA

Tumulus of Bougon— lat :46.3740, lon :-0.0675, type : Monument

Tumulus of St.Michael— lat :47.58779, lon :-3.07341, type : Monument-Satellite—CARNAC

Tyre— lat :33.27083, lon :35.19611, type : Monument

UNDAVALLI Caves— lat :16.49570, lon :80.58000, type : Monument—CAPITAL

Unstan Cairn— lat :58.9863, lon :-3.2492, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Vaishali-Asokan Pillar— lat :25.9900, lon :85.1300, type : Monument

Van Fortress— lat :38.50321, lon :43.33913, type : Monument

Vasterljung Runestone— lat :58.91667, lon :17.43333, type : Monument

Vera Island Megaliths— lat :55.16145, lon :60.03112, type : Monument

Vinquoy Cairn— lat :59.22712, lon :-2.77250, type : Monument-Satellite—ORKNEY

Waylands Smithy— lat :51.56723, lon :-1.59526, type : Monument-Satellite-SILSBURY

West Kennet Long Barrow— lat :51.40856, lon :-3.04158, type : Monument

Yakushima Megaliths– lat :30.3552, lon :130.5238, type : Monument

Yaxchilan— lat :16.90000, lon :-90.96667, type : Monument-Satellite—BONAMPAK

Yin Xu (Ruins of Yin-Anyang)— lat :36.13944, lon :114.30306, type : Monument

Ziggurat Dur Kurigalzu— lat :33.35361, lon :44.20222, type : Monument

Ziggurat-UR— lat :30.96278, lon :46.10306, type : Monument

Ziggurat Chogha Zanbil— lat :32.00833, lon :48.52083, type : Monument

Zorats Karer-Karahunj— lat :39.5507, lon :46.0286, type : Monument ]}

GEOGLYPH-Blythe— lat :33.80049, lon :-114.53197, type : GEOGLYPH

GEOGLYPH-Candelabra-Paracas— lat :-13.79458, lon :-76.30870, type : GEOGLPYH

GEOGLYPH-CerneAbbas— lat :50.81361, lon :-2.47472, type : GEOGLYPH-Satellite-SILSBURY

SUBMERGED-Guanahacabibes— lat :21.87889, lon :-84.82306, type : SUBMERGED

SUBMERGED-Gulf of Cambay— lat :21.8891, lon :72.3784, type : SUBMERGED

SUBMERGED-Kerama Stone Circle— lat :26.19900, lon :127.28056, type : SUBMERGED

SUBMERGED-Yonaguni— lat :24.4320, lon :123.0110, type : SUBMERGED

Ithaka— lat :38.36667, lon :20.71667, type : OTHER

Marcahuasi— lat :-11.78889, lon :-76.57361, type : OTHER

Nord— lat :81.71667, lon :-17.79917, type : OTHER

Nuuk— lat :64.17500, lon :-51.73889, type : OTHER

Olympus— lat :40.08556, lon :22.35861, type : OTHER

Pitoravik— lat :77.96667, lon :-72.21667, type : OTHER

Ramanadessa-Hanthawaddy— lat :17.33667, lon :96.47972, type : OTHER

Sigiriya Elephant Rock— lat :7.95694, lon :80.75972, type : OTHER

Sukhothai— lat :17.02111, lon :99.70361, type : OTHER

Uluru— lat :-25.34500, lon :131.03611, type : OTHER

Table-6: VOLCANOES

Pico_de_Orizaba — lat :19.0303, lon :-97.2681, type : Volcano -N_America -ULTRA // 5636/4922 strato

Popocatepetl — lat :19.022, lon :-98.628, type : Volcano -N_America -ULTRA // 5426m

Iztaccihatl — lat :19.1789, lon :-98.6417, type : Volcano -N_America -ULTRA // 5230m

Mt.Bona — lat :61.3856, lon :-141.7486, type : Volcano -N_America -ULTRA // 5005m

Mt.Blackburn — lat :61.7317, lon :-143.4331, type : Volcano -N_America -ULTRA // 4996m

Mt.Sanford — lat :62.2139, lon :-144.1289, type : Volcano -N_America -ULTRA // 4949m

Mt.Churchill — lat :61.4194, lon :-141.7147, type : Volcano -N_America // 4766/362 stat-cal

Nevado_de_Toluca — lat :19.1017, lon :-99.7675, type : Volcano -N_America -ULTRA // 4680/2210 strato

Sierra_Negra — lat :18.983, lon :-97.317, type : Volcano -N_America // 4580m

La_Malinche — lat :19.2308, lon :-98.0319, type : Volcano -N_America -ULTRA // 4461m

Mt.Rainier — lat :46.8529, lon :-121.7604, type : Volcano -N_America -ULTRA -DECADE // 4392m

Nevado_de_Colima — lat :19.5124, lon :-103.6170, type : Volcano -N_America -DECADE // 4340/600 strato

Mt.Shasta — lat :41.4092, lon :-122.1949, type : Volcano -N_America -ULTRA // 4322m strato

Mt.Wrangell — lat :62.00572, lon :-144.01935, type : Volcano -N_America -ULTRA // 4317m shield

Cofre_de_Perote — lat :19.492, lon :-97.150, type : Volcano -N_America // 4282m

Atna_Peaks — lat :61.7494, lon :-143.2397, type : Volcano -N_America -ULTRA // 4220m

Damavand — lat :35.9548, lon :52.1100, type : Volcano -Asia -ULTRA // 5610m strato

Ararat — lat :39.7019, lon :44.2983, type : Volcano -Asia -ULTRA // 5165m complex

Sabalan — lat :38.2669, lon :47.8369, type : Volcano -Asia -ULTRA // 4811m

Klyuchevskaya_Sopka — lat :56.0575, lon :160.6415, type : Volcano -Asia -ULTRA // 4750/4649 strato

Kamen — lat :56.020, lon :160.593, type : Volcano -Asia -ULTRA // 4579m

Krestovsky — lat :56.11328, lon :160.50719, type : Volcano -Asia // 4108m

Aragats — lat :40.533, lon :44.20, type : Volcano -Asia -ULTRA // 4090m strato

Suphan_Dagi — lat :38.9317, lon :42.8342, type : Volcano -Asia -ULTRA // 4058m

Taftan — lat :28.6000, lon :61.1325, type : Volcano -Asia -ULTRA // 4042m-3981m

Ushkovsky — lat :56.070, lon :160.470, type : Volcano -Asia // 3943m

Little_Ararat — lat :39.6475, lon :44.4125, type : Volcano -Asia // 3925/1200 strato

Erciyes_Dagi — lat :38.5318, lon :35.4470, type : Volcano -Asia -ULTRA // 3916m

Mt.Kerinci — lat :-1.6967, lon :101.2642, type : Volcano -Asia -ULTRA // 3805m strato

Mt.Fuji — lat :35,3581, lon :138.7311, type : Volcano -Asia -ULTRA // 3776m strato

Rinjani — lat :-8.4144, lon :116.4598, type : Volcano -Asia -ULTRA // 3726m

Sahand — lat :37.7308, lon :46.5000, type : Volcano -Asia -ULTRA // 3707m

Elbrus — lat :43.3499, lon :42.4453, type : Volcano -Europe -ULTRA // 5642m strato

Kazbek — lat :42.6992, lon :44.5183, type : Volcano -Europe -ULTRA // 5047m

Mt.Etna — lat :37.7510, lon :14.9934, type : Volcano -Europe -ULTRA -DECADE // 3329m strato

Mt.Pico — lat :38.4687, lon :-28.3993, type : Volcano -Europe -ULTRA // 2351m strato

Beerenberg — lat :71.0833, lon :-8.1667, type : Volcano -Europe -ULTRA // 2277m strato

Oraefajokull — lat :64.0217, lon :-16.6433, type : Volcano -Europe -ULTRA // 2109m strato

Bardarbunga — lat :64.6410, lon :-17.5280, type : Volcano -Europe // 2009m

Kverkfjoll — lat :64.650, lon :-16.717, type : Volcano -Europe // 1920m

Puy_de_Sancy — lat :45.5283, lon :2.8142, type : Volcano -Europe -ULTRA // 1885m strato

Puy_Mary — lat :45.109, lon :2.676, type : Volcano -Europe // 1783m

Snaefell — lat :64.8057, lon :-23.7731, type : Volcano -Europe // 1446m

Hofsjokull — lat :64.817, lon :-18.817, type : Volcano -Europe // 1782m

Esjufjoll — lat :64.27, lon :-16.65, type : Volcano -Europe // 1760m strato

Grimsvotn — lat :64.42, lon :-16.33, type : Volcano -Europe // 1725m

Herdubreid — lat :65.1789, lon :-16.3473, type : Volcano -Europe // 1682m

Eiriksjokull — lat :64.7697, lon :-20.4020, type : Volcano -Europe // 1675m

Mt.Kilimanjaro — lat :-3.0758, lon :37.3533, type : Volcano -Africa -ULTRA // 5895m strato

Mt.Kenya — lat :-.1508, lon :37.3075, type : Volcano -Africa -ULTRA // 5199m

Mt.Meru — lat :-3.247, lon :36.748, type : Volcano -Africa -ULTRA // 4568m strato

Mt.Karisimbi — lat :-1.508, lon :29.445, type : Volcano -Africa -ULTRA // 4507m

Mt.Mikeno — lat :-1.464, lon :29.418, type : Volcano -Africa // 4437/1190 strato

Mt.Elgon — lat :1.118, lon :34.525, type : Volcano -Africa -ULTRA // 4321m shield

Mt.Muhavura — lat :-1.3806, lon :29.6773, type : Volcano -Africa -ULTRA // 4127m

Mt.Cameroon — lat :4.217, lon :9.173, type : Volcano -Africa -ULTRA // 4040m strato

Pico_de_Teide — lat :28.273, lon :-16.639, type : Volcano -Africa -ULTRA -DECADE // 3718/3718 str/shield

Mt.Bisoke — lat :-1.461, lon :29.482, type : Volcano -Africa // 3711m

Mt.Sabyinyo — lat :-1.4, lon :29.6, type : Volcano -Africa // 3645m

Mt.Gahinga — lat :-1.3873, lon :29.6435, type : Volcano -Africa -ULTRA // 3474m

Mt.Nyiragongo — lat :-1.5220, lon :29.2495, type : Volcano -Africa -DECADE // 3470m strato

Mt.Hanang — lat :-4.435, lon :35.4, type : Volcano -Africa -ULTRA // 3420m

Emi_Koussi — lat :19.7936, lon :18.5519, type : Volcano -Africa -ULTRA // 3445m shield

Mt.Giluwe — lat :-6.043, lon :143.887, type : Volcano -Oceania -ULTRA // 4367m shield

Mauna_Kea — lat :19.8207, lon :-155.4681, type : Volcano -Oceania -ULTRA // 4207m shield

Mauna_Loa — lat :19.4795, lon :-155.6027, type : Volcano -Oceania -ULTRA -DECADE // 4169m shield

Mt.Hagen — lat :-5.8582, lon :-144.2429, type : Volcano -Oceania // 3778m

Doma_Peaks — lat :-5.90, lon :143.15, type : Volcano -Oceania // 3568m

Mt.Kerewa — lat :-6.0681, lon :-143.1365, type : Volcano -Oceania // 3340m

Mt.Yelia — lat :-7.05, lon :145.858, type : Volcano -Oceania // 3384m

Crater_Mountain — lat :-6.58, lon :145.08, type : Volcano -Oceania // 3233m

Haleakala — lat :20.7097, lon :-156.2533, type : Volcano -Oceania -ULTRA // 3055m shield

Ruapehu — lat :-39.2817, lon :175.5685, type : Volcano -Oceania -ULTRA // 2797m strato

Mt.Balbi — lat :-5.917, lon :-154.983, type : Volcano -Oceania -ULTRA // 2715m

Mt.Suaru — lat :-6.25, lon :144.83, type : Volcano -Oceania // 2667m

Mt.Sisa — lat :-10.65, lon :152.817, type : Volcano -Oceania // 2650m

Mt.Kirimwi — lat :-6.5652, lon :144.7659, type : Volcano -Oceania // 2566m

Mt.Sidley — lat :-77.03, lon :-126.1, type : Volcano -Antarctica -ULTRA // 4285m shield

Mt.Erebus — lat :-77.5297, lon :167.1533, type : Volcano -Antarctica -ULTRA // 3794m COMPLEX

Mt.Frakes — lat :-76.8, lon :-117.7, type : Volcano -Antarctica -ULTRA // 3675m shield

Toney_Mountain — lat :-75.8, lon :-115.817, type : Volcano -Antarctica -ULTRA // 3595m shield

Mt.Steere — lat :-76.7, lon :-117.8, type : Volcano -Antarctica // 3558m shield

Mt.Berlin — lat :-76.05, lon :-135.87, type : Volcano -Antarctica -ULTRA // 3478m shield

Mt.Takahe — lat :-77.217, lon :166.800, type : Volcano -Antarctica -ULTRA // 3460m shield

Mt.Overlord — lat :-73.17, lon :164.6, type : Volcano -Antarctica // 3395m strato

Mt.Waesche — lat :-77.17, lon :-126.9, type : Volcano -Antarctica // 3392m ?

Mt.Hampton — lat :-76.483, lon :-125.8, type : Volcano -Antarctica // 3323m shield

Mt.Terror — lat :-77.52, lon :168.53, type : Volcano -Antarctica -ULTRA // 3230m shield

Mt.Siple — lat :-73.43, lon :-126.66, type : Volcano -Antarctica -ULTRA // 3110/3110 shield

Mt.Moulton — lat :-76.05, lon :-135.13, type : Volcano -Antarctica // 3078m shield

Ojos_del_Salado — lat :-27.1097, lon :-68.5414, type : Volcano -S_America -ULTRA // 6887m strato

Monte_Pissis — lat :-27.7558, lon :-68.7992, type : Volcano -S_America -ULTRA // 6882m

Cerro_Bonete — lat :-28.0186, lon :-68.756, type : Volcano -S_America // 6759m

Nevado_Tres_Cruces — lat :-27.1, lon :-68.783, type : Volcano -S_America // 6749m

Lluillaillaco — lat :-24.7207, lon :-68.5366, type : Volcano -S_America -ULTRA // 6723m

Cerro_Cazadero — lat :-27.1945, lon :-68.5609, type : Volcano -S_America // 6658m

Nevado_Incahuasi — lat :-27.0333, lon :-68.2958, type : Volcano -S_America -ULTRA // 6621m

Cerro_Tupungato — lat :-33.358, lon :-69.770, type : Volcano -S_America -ULTRA // 6550m

Nevado_Sajama — lat :-18.1050, lon :-68.8794, type : Volcano -S_America -ULTRA // 6542m

Nevado_El_Muerto — lat :-27.067, lon :-68.483, type : Volcano -S_America // 6488m

Cerro_Veladero — lat :-28.517, lon :-68.983, type : Volcano -S_America // 6436m

Cerro_Nacimiento — lat :-27.2806, lon :-68.5125, type : Volcano -S_America -ULTRA // 6436m

Nevado_Coropuna — lat :-15.4731, lon :-72.0750, type : Volcano -S_America -ULTRA // 6428m

Volcan_Antofalla — lat :-25.5625, lon :-67.8808, type : Volcano -S_America -ULTRA // 6409m

Nevado_de_Cachi — lat :-24.9317, lon :-66.3908, type : Volcano -S_America // 6380m

Cerro_El_Condor — lat :-26.6317, lon :-68.3617, type : Volcano -S_America -ULTRA // 6373/1660 strato

Mt.Drum — lat :62.1161, lon :-144.6378, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 3660/2050 strato

Shishaldin — lat :54.7554, lon :-163.9709., type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2869/2869 strato

Mt.Baker — lat :48.7767, lon :-121.8144, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 3286/2686 strato

Mt.Adams — lat :46.2024, lon :-121.4910, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 3743/2474 strato

Mt.St.Helens — lat :46.1914, lon :-122.1956, type : Volcano -ULTRA -VEI // 2549/1404:1804 strato

Mt.Hood — lat :45.3736, lon :-121.6960, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 3429/2349 strato

Lassen_Peak — lat :40.4882, lon :-121.5049, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 3187/1594 LavaDome

Glacier_Peak — lat :48.1125, lon :-121.1138, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 3207/2285 strato

Kawaikini — lat :22.0584, lon :-159.4974, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 1598/1598 shield

TAUPO_Volcano — lat :-38.7916, lon :175.9150, type : Volcano -ULTRA -VEI // ~1500/1500 SUPER(VEI8)

Gelai — lat :-2.6144, lon :36.1000, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2948/1930 strato?

Kitumbeine — lat :-2.8925, lon :36.2186, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2865/1770 strato?

San_Carlos — lat :3.3608, lon :8.5392, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2261/1539 shield

Pico_de_Sao_Tome — lat :.2675, lon :6.543, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2024/2024 shield

Mt.Kulal — lat :-2.7504, lon :36.9347, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2285/1542 strato?

Pico_Basile — lat :3.5897, lon :8.7591, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 3011/3011 shield

Mt.Oku — lat :6.1833, lon :10.5167, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 3011/2491 strato

Queen_Mary’s_Peak — lat :-37.1117, lon :-12.2873, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2062/2062 shield

Topo_da_Coroa — lat :17.0325, lon :-25.2958, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 1979/1979 strato

Pico_do_Fogo — lat :14.9494, lon :-24.3404, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2829/2829 somma-strato

Irazu — lat :9.9792, lon :-83.8525, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 3432/1887 complex strato

Concepcion — lat :11.5397, lon :-85.6214, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 1610/1579 strato

Santa_Ana — lat :13.8554, lon :-89.6282, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2381/1602 strato

Atitlan — lat :14.583, lon :-91.183, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 3535/1754 strato

Tajumulco — lat :15.0427, lon :-91.9045, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 4220/3980 strato

Cerro_Azul — lat :-.9200, lon :-91.4080, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 1689/1668 shield

Wolf_Volcano — lat :-.0194, lon :-91.3436, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 1707/1707 shield

Cumbre_Vieja — lat :28.5728, lon :-17.8375, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 1949/1949 strato

Pico_de_las_Nieves — lat :27.9639, lon :-15.5658, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 1949/1949 strato

Pic_Tousside — lat :21.040, lon :16.470, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 3315/1593 strato

Deriba_Caldera — lat :12.9514, lon :24.2589, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 3042/2512 shield-Cal

Karthala — lat :-11.7451, lon :43.3584, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2361/2361 shield

Manam_Motu — lat :-4.0643, lon :145.0273, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 1807/1807 strato

Mt.Marapi — lat :-.3818, lon :100.4730, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2891/2116 complex

Mt.Dempo — lat :-4.0158, lon :103.1283, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 3173/2450 strato

Mt.Pangrango — lat :-6.7878, lon :106.9819, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 3019/2426 strato

Mt.Sumbing — lat :-7.3850, lon :110.0725, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 3371/2577 strato

Semeru — lat :-8.1077, lon :112.9224, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 3676/3676 strato

Raung — lat :-8.1258, lon :114.0458, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 3332/3069 strato

Mt.Agung — lat :-8.3433, lon :115.5071, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 3031/3031 strato

Mount_Tambora — lat :-8.2479, lon :117.9911, type : Volcano -ULTRA -VEI // 2722/2722 strat-cal(VEI7)

Sangeang_Api — lat :-8.1961, lon :119.0700, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 1949/1949 complex

Poco_Mandasawu — lat :-8.6517, lon :120.4483, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2370/2370 LavaDome

Iliboleng — lat :-8.3440, lon :123.2520, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 1659/1659 strato

Karangetang — lat :2.7808, lon :125.4067, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 1827/1827 strato

Ulawun — lat :-5.0588, lon :151.3308, type : Volcano -ULTRA -DECADE // 2334/2334 strato

Mt.Apo — lat :6.9875, lon :125.2710, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2954/2954 strato

Mt.Matutum — lat :6.3606, lon :125.0747, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2286/1950 strato

Kanlaon — lat :10.4116, lon :123.1330, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2465/2430 strato

Bolusan — lat :12.7692, lon :124.0567, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 1565/1547 strato

Mayon — lat :14.583, lon :-91.183, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2463/2447 strato

Mt.Isarog — lat :13.6592, lon :123.3733, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2000/1951 strato

Mt.Labo — lat :14.0133, lon :122.7875, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 1544/1524 strato

Mt.Pinatubo — lat :15.1429, lon :120.3496, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 1486/1486:1745 strato

Mont_Orohena — lat :-17.6197, lon :-149.4842, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2241/2241 shield? ext

Aso-San — lat :32.8869, lon :131.0841, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 1592/1592 caldera complex

Halla-San — lat :33.3617, lon :126.5292, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 1950/1950 shield

Paektu-San — lat :41.9930, lon :128.0775, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2744/2593 strato

Kambalny — lat :51.304, lon :156.876, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2156/1970 strato

Zhupanovsky — lat :53.5883, lon :159.1483, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2923/2210 strato

Koryaksky — lat :53.3208, lon :158.7128, type : Volcano -ULTRA -DECADE // 3456/2999 strato

Kronotsky — lat :54.7525, lon :160.5325, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 3527/2736 strato

Tolbachik — lat :55.8308, lon :160.3258, type : Volcano —Asia -ULTRA // 3682/2190 shield-strat

Ichinsky — lat :55.6910, lon :157.7263, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 3607/3125 strato

Shiveluch — lat :56.6539, lon :161.3631, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 3307/3168 strato

Avachinsky — lat :53.2557, lon :158.8335, type : Volcano -ULTRA -DECADE // 2741/1550 strato

Veniaminof — lat :56.1983, lon :-159.3911, type : Volcano -ULTRA -VEI // 2507/2499 strato(VEI6)

Mt.Pavlof — lat :55.4203, lon :-161.8931, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2515/2507 strato

Makushin — lat :53.8864, lon :-166.9311, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2036/2036 strato

Maunga_Terevaka — lat :-27.0844, lon :-109.3794, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 507/Rapa-Nui shield

Domuyo — lat :-36.6397, lon :-70.433, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 4709/2229 strato

Tromen — lat :-37.1400, lon :-70.0500, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 4114/1721 strato

Llaima — lat :-38.6970, lon :-71.7300, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 3125/1819 strato

Tronador — lat :-41.1608, lon :-71.8875, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 3491/2642 strato

Maipo — lat :-34.1667, lon :-69.8333, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 5264/1900 strato

Ollague — lat :-21.3025, lon :-68.1792, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 5868/1686 strato

Guallatiri — lat :-18.4244, lon :-69.0903, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 6071/1700 strato

Parinacota — lat :-18.1633, lon :-69.1427, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 6348/1989 strato

Tacora — lat :-17.7208, lon :-69.7725, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 5980/1700 strato

Misti — lat :-16.2988, lon :-71.4057, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 5822/1785 strato

Nevado_Chachani — lat :-16.1936, lon :-71.5190, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 6057/1963 caldera

Tungurahua — lat :-1.4702, lon :-78.4448, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 5023/1554 strato

Chimborazo — lat :-1.4693, lon :-78.8169, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 6263/4118 strato

Nevado_del_Huila — lat :2.9242, lon :-76.0292, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 5364/2650 strato

Sangay — lat :-2.0142, lon :-78.3273, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 5300/1588 strato

Nevado_del_Ruiz — lat :4.8920, lon :-75.3188, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 5321/2035 strato

Cumbal — lat :-.9515, lon :-77.8879, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 4764/1575 strato

Antisana — lat :-.4868, lon :-78.1450, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 5704/1678 strato

Copiapo/Azufre — lat :-27.3060, lon :-69.1310, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 6052/1701 strato

Payun_Matru — lat :-36.4200, lon :-69.2000, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 3680/1926 shield

Lanin — lat :-39.6372, lon :-71.5024, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 3776/2624 strato

Mt.Murphy — lat :-75.333, lon :-110.733, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2705/2055 shield

Mawson_Peak — lat :-53.1032, lon :73.5161, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2745/2745 complex

Mt.Melbourne — lat :-74.35, lon :164.7, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2730/1699 strato

Mt.Morning — lat :-78.517, lon :163.583, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2725/1515 shield

Mt.Discovery — lat :-78.367, lon :165.017, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2681/1637 strato

Mt.Andrus — lat :-75.8, lon :-132.3, type : Volcano -ULTRA // 2978/???? shield

Mt.Vesuvius — lat :40.817, lon :14.433, type : Volcano -DECADE // 1281m somma-strato

Mt.Merapi — lat :-7.5407, lon :110.4457, type : Volcano -DECADE // 2930/1356

Galeras — lat :1.2219, lon :-77.3592, type : Volcano -DECADE // 4276/???? strato

Taal — lat :14.0113, lon :120.9977, type : Volcano -DECADE // 311/311 complex

Sakurajima — lat :31.5833, lon :130.6500, type : Volcano -DECADE // 1117/1117 strato

Unzen — lat :32.7577, lon :130.3015, type : Volcano -DECADE // 1500/???? complex-strato

Santa_Maria — lat :14,7571, lon :-91.5517, type : Volcano -DECADE // 3772/1054 LavaDome

Santorini — lat :36.3956, lon :25.4592, type : Volcano -DECADE // submarine caldera

Krakatoa_Anak — lat :-6.0993, lon :105.4215, type : Volcano -DECADE -VEI // 813 /VEI6 caldera

Cerro_Blanco — lat :-26.7603, lon :-67.7414, type : Volcano -VEI // 4670/VEI7 strato

Ile_Amsterdam — lat :-37.8494, lon :77.5494, type : Volcano —ISOLATION // 867/867

Table-7: IMPACT CRATERS

DIAMETER (kms) AGE (Millions of Years)

1.Vredefort — lat :-27.000, lon :27.500, type : ImpactCrater // 300 2023 ± 4

2.Sudbury — lat :46.600, lon :-81.183, type : ImpactCrater // 250 1850 ± 3

3.Chicxulub — lat :21.333, lon :-89.500, type : ImpactCrater // 180 64.98 ± .05

4.Popigai — lat :71.650, lon :111.183, type : ImpactCrater // 100 35.7 ± .2

5.Manicouagan — lat :51.383, lon :-68.700, type : ImpactCrater // 100 214 ± 1

6.Acraman — lat :-32.017, lon :135.450, type : ImpactCrater // 90 580

7.ChesapeakeBay — lat :37.283, lon :-76.017, type : ImpactCrater // 85 35.5 ± .3

8.Phuchezh-Katunki — lat :56.967, lon :43.717, type : ImpactCrater // 80 167 ± 3

9.Morokweng — lat :-26.467, lon :23.533, type : ImpactCrater // 70 145 ± .8

10.Kara — lat :69.100, lon :64.150, type : ImpactCrater // 65 70.3 ± 2.2

11.Beaverhead — lat :44.250, lon :-114.000, type : ImpactCrater // 60 600

12.Woodleigh — lat :-26.050, lon :114.667, type : ImpactCrater // 60-160 364

13.Tookoonooka — lat :-27.117, lon :142.833, type : ImpactCrater // 55 128 ± 5

14.Charveloix — lat :47.533, lon :-70.300, type : ImpactCrater // 54 342 ± 15

15.SiljanRing — lat :61.033, lon :14.867, type : ImpactCrater // 52 376.8 ± 1.7

16.Karakul — lat :39.017, lon :73.450, type : ImpactCrater // 52 25

17.Montagnais — lat :42.883, lon :-64.217, type : ImpactCrater // 45 50.5 ± .76

18.Araguainha — lat :-16.783, lon :-52.983, type : ImpactCrater // 40 244.4 ± 3.25

19.Mjolnir — lat :73.800, lon :29.667, type : ImpactCrater // 40 142 ±2.6

20.SaintMartin — lat :51.783, lon :-98.533, type : ImpactCrater // 40 220 ± 32

21.Carswell — lat :58.450, lon :-109.500, type : ImpactCrater // 39 115 ± 10

22.ClearwaterWest — lat :56.217, lon :-74.500, type : ImpactCrater // 36 290 ± 20

23.Manson — lat :42.583, lon :-94.550, type : ImpactCrater // 35 73.8 ± .3

24.Saqqar — lat :29.583, lon :38.700, type : ImpactCrater // 34 70-410

25.SlateIslands — lat :48.667, lon :-87.000, type : ImpactCrater // 30 450

26.Yarrabubba — lat :-27.167, lon :118.833, type : ImpactCrater // 30 ~2000

27.Keurusselka — lat :62.133, lon :24.600, type : ImpactCrater // 30 1400-1500

28.Shoemaker — lat :-25.867, lon :120.883, type : ImpactCrater // 30 1630

29.Mistatin — lat :55.883, lon :-63.300, type : ImpactCrater // 28 36.4 ± 4

30.ClearwaterEast — lat :56.067, lon :-74.100, type : ImpactCrater // 26 290 ± 20

31.Kamensk — lat :48.350, lon :40.500, type : ImpactCrater // 25 49 ± .2

32.SteenRiver — lat :59.500, lon :-117.633, type : ImpactCrater // 25 91 ± 7

33.Strangways — lat :-15.200, lon :133.583, type : ImpactCrater // 25 646 ± 42

34.Tunnunik — lat :72.467, lon :-113.933, type : ImpactCrater // 25 130-350

35.Boltysh — lat :48.900, lon :32.250, type : ImpactCrater // 24 65.17

36.NordlingerRies — lat :48.883, lon :10.567, type : ImpactCrater // 24 14.3-14.5

37.Presqu’ile — lat :49.717, lon :-74.800, type : ImpactCrater // 24 <500

38.Haughton — lat :75.383, lon :-89.667, type : ImpactCrater // 23 39

39.Lappajarvi — lat :63.200, lon :23.700, type : ImpactCrater // 23 73.3 ± 5.3

40.Rochechouart — lat :45.82417, lon :0.78167, type : ImpactCrater // 23 214 ± 8

41.GossesBluff — lat :-23.82083, lon :132.30778, type : ImpactCrater // 22 142.5 ± .8

42.AmeliaCreek — lat :-20.917, lon :134.833, type : ImpactCrater // 20 600-1660

43.Logancha — lat :65.517, lon :95.933, type : ImpactCrater // 20 40 ± 20

44.Obolon — lat :49.583, lon :32.917, type : ImpactCrater // 20 169 ± 7

45.Glikson — lat :-23.983, lon :121.567, type : ImpactCrater // 19 < 508

46.Dellen — lat :61.850, lon :16.700, type : ImpactCrater // 19 89 ± 2.7

47.Oasis — lat :24.583, lon :24.400, type : ImpactCrater // 18

48.LawnHill — lat :-18.667, lon :138.650, type : ImpactCrater // 18 > 515

49.El’gygytgyn — lat :67.500, lon :172.083, type : ImpactCrater // 18 3.5 ± .5

50.Luizi — lat :-10.167, lon :28.000, type : ImpactCrater // 17

51.Suavjarvi — lat :63.117, lon :33.383, type : ImpactCrater // 16 2400

52.Ames — lat :36.250, lon :-98.200, type : ImpactCrater // 16 470 ± 30

53.Logoisk — lat :54.200, lon :27.800, type : ImpactCrater // 15 42.3 ± 1.1

54.Kaluga — lat :54.500, lon :36.200, type : ImpactCrater // 15 380 ± 5

55.Zhamanshin — lat :48.400, lon :60.967, type : ImpactCrater // 14 .900 ± .1

56.Janisjarvi — lat :61.967, lon :30.917, type : ImpactCrater // 14 700 ± 5

57.Gweni-Fada — lat :17.417, lon :21.750, type : ImpactCrater // 14

58.Spider — lat :-16.733, lon :126.083, type : ImpactCrater // 13

59.SierraMadera — lat :30.600, lon :-102.917, type : ImpactCrater // 13

60.Kentland — lat :40.750, lon :-87.400, type : ImpactCrater // 13

61.DeepBay — lat :56.400, lon :-102.983, type : ImpactCrater // 13 99 ± 4

62.Marquez — lat :31.283, lon :-96.300, type : ImpactCrater // 12.7 58 ± 2

63.Aorounga — lat :19.100, lon :19.250, type : ImpactCrater // 12.6

64.Nicholson — lat :62.667, lon :-102.683, type : ImpactCrater // 12.5

65.WellsCreek — lat :36.383, lon :-87.667, type : ImpactCrater // 12 200 ± 100

66.VargeaoDome — lat :-26.833, lon :-52.117, type : ImpactCrater // 12

67.SerraDaCangalha — lat :-8.083, lon :-46.867, type : ImpactCrater // 12

68.Avak — lat :71.250, lon :-156.500, type : ImpactCrater // 12

69.Ternovka — lat :48.133, lon :33.517, type : ImpactCrater // 11 280 ± 10

70.Dhala — lat :25.300, lon :78.133, type : ImpactCrater // 11 1700-2100

71.Bosumtwi — lat :6.5050, lon :-1.4083, type : ImpactCrater // 10.5 1.07

72.SantaMarta — lat :-10.167, lon :-45.250, type : ImpactCrater // 10 66-100

73.UpheavalDome — lat :38.433, lon :-109.933, type : ImpactCrater // 10

74.Paasselka — lat :62.150, lon :29.417, type : ImpactCrater // 10 1800

75.KellyWest — lat :-19.933, lon :133.950, type : ImpactCrater // 10 >550

76.Karla — lat :54.917, lon :48.033, type : ImpactCrater // 10 5 ± 1

77.Flaxman — lat :-34.617, lon :139.067, type : ImpactCrater // 10 > 35

78.EagleButte — lat :49.700, lon :-110.500, type : ImpactCrater // 10

79.VistaAlegre — lat :-25.950, lon :-52.683, type : ImpactCrater // 9.5

80.RedWing — lat :47.600, lon :-103.550, type : ImpactCrater // 9 200 ± 25

81.Ragonzika — lat :58.733, lon :61.800, type : ImpactCrater // 9 46 ± 3

82.Mien — lat :56.417, lon :14.867, type : ImpactCrater // 9 121 ± 2.3

83.Lumparn — lat :60.150, lon :20.100, type : ImpactCrater // 9 1000

84.ConnollyBasin — lat :-23.533, lon :124.750, type : ImpactCrater // 9

85.Ilyinets — lat :49.117, lon :29.100, type : ImpactCrater // 8.5 378 ± 5

86.Crawford — lat :-34.717, lon :139.033, type : ImpactCrater // 8.5 > 35

87.Calvin — lat :41.833, lon :-85.950, type : ImpactCrater // 8.5 450 ± 10

88.Vepriai — lat :55.083, lon :24.583, type : ImpactCrater // 8 160 ± 10

89.SerpentMound — lat :39.033, lon :-83.400, type : ImpactCrater // 8

90.Neugrund — lat :59.333, lon :23.667, type : ImpactCrater // 8 470

91.LaMoinerie — lat :57.433, lon :-66.617, type : ImpactCrater // 8 450 ± 50

92.GloverBluff — lat :43.967, lon :-89.533, type : ImpactCrater // 8

93.Elbow — lat :50.983, lon :-106.717, type : ImpactCrater // 8 395 ± 25

94.DesPlaines — lat :42.050, lon :-87.867, type : ImpactCrater // 8

95.Couture — lat :60.133, lon :-75.333, type : ImpactCrater // 8 430 ± 25

96.Bigach — lat :48.567, lon :82.017, type : ImpactCrater // 8 5

97.Beyenchime-Salaatin — lat :71.000, lon :121.667, type : ImpactCrater // 8 40 ± 20

98.Wanapitei — lat :46.750, lon :-80.750, type : ImpactCrater // 7.5 37.2 ± 1.2

99.MattWilson — lat :-15.50111, lon :131.17861, type : ImpactCrater // 7.5

100.Lockne — lat :63.000, lon :14.817, type : ImpactCrater // 7.5 458

101.Piccaninny — lat :-17.433, lon :128.433, type : ImpactCrater // 7

102.CrookedCreek — lat :37.833, lon :-91.383, type : ImpactCrater // 7 320 ± 80

103.CloudCreek — lat :43.117, lon :-106.750, type : ImpactCrater // 7 190 ± 30

104.Soderfjarden — lat :63.000, lon :21.567, type : ImpactCrater // 6.6 ~600

105.SantaFe — lat :35.750, lon :-105.933, type : ImpactCrater // 6-13

106.TinBider — lat :27.600, lon :5.117, type : ImpactCrater // 6

107.Saaksjarvi — lat :61.400, lon :22.400, type : ImpactCrater // 6 ~560

108.RockElm — lat :44.717, lon :-92.233, type : ImpactCrater // 6

109.Pilot — lat :60.283, lon :-111.000, type : ImpactCrater // 6 445 ± 2

110.Middlesboro — lat :36.617, lon :-83.733, type : ImpactCrater // 6

111.MapleCreek — lat :49.800, lon :-109.100, type : ImpactCrater // 6

112.Kursk — lat :51.700, lon :36.000, type : ImpactCrater // 6 250 ± 80

113.Foelsche — lat :-16.667, lon :136.783, type : ImpactCrater // 6 > 545

114.Decaturville — lat :37.900, lon :-92.717, type : ImpactCrater // 6

115.Chukcha — lat :75.700, lon :97.800, type : ImpactCrater // 6 < 70

116.JabalWaqfEsSwwan — lat :31.050, lon :36.800, type : ImpactCrater // 5.5 37-56

117.Chiyli — lat :49.167, lon :57.850, type : ImpactCrater // 5.5 46 ± 7

118.GoatPaddock — lat :-18.333, lon :126.667, type : ImpactCrater // 5.1

119.Mizarai — lat :54.017, lon :23.900, type : ImpactCrater // 5 500 ± 20

120.GowLake — lat :56.450, lon :-104.483, type : ImpactCrater // 5

121.Gardnos — lat :60.650, lon :9.000, type : ImpactCrater // 5 500 ± 10

122.Wetumpka — lat :32.517, lon :-86.167, type : ImpactCrater // 4.7 ~83

123.RioCuarto — lat :-32.8783, lon :-64.2233, type : ImpactCrater // 4.5

124.RiachaoRing — lat :-7.717, lon :-46.650, type : ImpactCrater // 4.5

125.Dobele — lat :56.583, lon :23.250, type : ImpactCrater // 4.5 290 ± 35

126.SuvasvesiNorth — lat :62.700, lon :28.167, type : ImpactCrater // 4 < 1000

127.MountToondina — lat :-27.950, lon :135.367, type : ImpactCrater // 4

128.Kardla — lat :59.017, lon :22.767, type : ImpactCrater // 4 455

129.IleRouleau — lat :50.683, lon :-73.883, type : ImpactCrater // 4

130.Glasford — lat :40.600, lon :-89.783, type : ImpactCrater // 4

131.SuvasvesiSouth — lat :62.600, lon :28.217, type : ImpactCrater // 3.8 ~250

132.Steinheim — lat :48.683, lon :10.067, type : ImpactCrater // 3.8 15 ± 1

133.FlynnCreek — lat :36.283, lon :-85.667, type : ImpactCrater // 3.8 360 ± 20

134.Brent — lat :46.083, lon :-78.483, type : ImpactCrater // 3.8 396 ± 20

135.Colonia — lat :-23.933, lon :-68.283, type : ImpactCrater // 3.6 > 5

136.ZelenyGai — lat :48.067, lon :32.750, type : ImpactCrater // 3.5 80 ± 20

137.Oarkziz — lat :29.000, lon :-7.550, type : ImpactCrater // 3.5

138.Kgagodi — lat :-22.483, lon :27.583, type : ImpactCrater // 3.5

139.Pingualuit — lat :61.283, lon :-73.667, type : ImpactCrater // 3.44 1.4 ± .1

140.Zapadnaya — lat :49.733, lon :29.000, type : ImpactCrater // 3.2 165 ± 5

141.Newporte — lat :48.967, lon :-101.967, type : ImpactCrater // 3.2

142.Agoudal — lat :31.983, lon :-5.500, type : ImpactCrater // 3 .105

143.Iso-Naakkima — lat :62.183, lon :27.150, type : ImpactCrater // 3 1000

144.Gusev — lat :48.433, lon :40.533, type : ImpactCrater // 3 49 ± .2

145.Grandby — lat :58.417, lon :14.933, type : ImpactCrater // 3 443-470

146.Goyder — lat :-13.150, lon :135.033, type : ImpactCrater // 3

147.Shunak — lat :47.217, lon 72.767, type : ImpactCrater // 2.8 45 ± 10

148.Rotmistrovka — lat :49.000, lon :32.000, type : ImpactCrater // 2.7 120 ± 10

149.Ritland — lat :59.233, lon :6.433, type : ImpactCrater // 2.7 520 ± 20

150.Viewfield — lat :49.583, lon :-103.067, type : ImpactCrater // 2.5 190 ± 20

151.RoterKamm — lat :-27.767, lon :16.300, type : ImpactCrater // 2.5 3.7 ± .3

152.MishinaGora — lat :58.717, lon :28.050, type : ImpactCrater // 2.5 300 ± 50

153.WestHawk — lat :49.767, lon :-95.183, type : ImpactCrater // 2.44 351 ± 20

154.Holleford — lat :44.467, lon :-76.633, type : ImpactCrater // 2.35 550 ± 100

155.Tvaren — lat :58.767, lon :17.417, type : ImpactCrater // 2 455

156.B.P.Structure — lat :25.317, lon :24.317, type : ImpactCrater // 2

157.Tenoumer — lat :22.91806, lon :-10.40750, type : ImpactCrater // 1.9 .021 ± .01

158.Lonar — lat :19.967, lon :76.517, type : ImpactCrater // 1.83 .052 ±6k

159.Xiuyan — lat :40.350, lon :123.450, type : ImpactCrater // 1.8 .050

160.Talemzane — lat :33.317, lon :4.033, type : ImpactCrater // 1.75

161.Liverpool — lat :-12.400, lon :134.050, type : ImpactCrater // 1.6 543-1000

162.Saarijarvi — lat :65.283, lon :28.383, type : ImpactCrater // 1.5 > 600

163.Karikkoselka — lat :62.217, lon :25.250, type : ImpactCrater // 1.5 230

164.Tabun-Khara-Obo — lat :44.133, lon :109.650, type : ImpactCrater // 1.3 150 ± 20

165.Hummeln — lat :57.367, lon :16.250, type : ImpactCrater // 1.2 443-470

166.Barringer — lat :35.033, lon :-111.017, type : ImpactCrater // 1.19 .049 ± .003

167.Tswaing — lat :-25.40833, lon :28.08278, type : ImpactCrater // 1.13 .220 ± .05

168.Malingen — lat :62.917, lon :14.550, type : ImpactCrater // 1 458

169.WolfeCreek — lat :-19.167, lon :127.800, type : ImpactCrater // 0.875 .3

170.Kalkkop — lat :-32.717, lon :24.433, type : ImpactCrater // 0.64 .25

171.Monturaqui — lat :-23.933, lon :-68.267, type : ImpactCrater // 0.46

172.Amguid — lat :26.083, lon :4.400, type : ImpactCrater // 0.45

173.Aouelloul — lat :20.250, lon :-12.683, type : ImpactCrater // 0.39 3 ± .3

174.Macha — lat :60.100, lon :117.583, type : ImpactCrater // 0.3 ~5300 B.C.

175.Boxhole — lat :-22.617, lon :135.200, type : ImpactCrater // 0.17 ~3400 B.C.

176.Odessa — lat :31.750, lon :-102.483, type : ImpactCrater // 0.168

177.Henbury — lat :-24.567, lon :133.133, type : ImpactCrater // 0.157 ~2200 B.C.

178.Wabar — lat :21.500, lon :50.467, type : ImpactCrater // 0.116 ?

179.Kaalijarv — lat :58.367, lon :22.667, type : ImpactCrater // 0.11 ~2000 B.C.

180.Morasko — lat :52.483, lon :16.900, type : ImpactCrater // 0.1 ~3000 B.C.

181.Veevers — lat :-22.967, lon :125.367, type : ImpactCrater // 0.08

182.Ilumetsa — lat :57.967, lon :27.417, type : ImpactCrater // 0.08 > .0066

183.Sobolev — lat :46.300, lon :137.867, type : ImpactCrater // 0.053

184.CampoDelCielo — lat :-27.633, lon :-61.700, type : ImpactCrater // 0.05 ~2000 B.C.

185.Kamil — lat :22.01833, lon :26.08750, type : ImpactCrater // 0.045

186.Whitecourt — lat :54.000, lon :-115.600, type : ImpactCrater // 0.036

187.Sikhote-Alin — lat :46.117, lon :134.667, type : ImpactCrater // 0.027 69

188.Dalgaranga — lat :-27.633, lon :117.283, type : ImpactCrater // 0.024 ?

189.Haviland — lat :37.583, lon :-99.167, type : ImpactCrater // 0.015

Table-8: Nazca Lines-Great Circles Data

Radial Center Locations

Tiwanaku (Akapana): lat: -16.5564, lon: -68.6728

Cape Agulhas: lat: -34.839, lon: 20.004

Geodesic Antipode to Cape Agulhas: lat: 34.839, lon: -159.996

Amazon River Delta: lat: 0, lon: -50

Rapa-Nui (Easter Island): lat: -27.109, lon: -109.366

Tiwanaku Great Circles Angles

Line/Great Circle Angle to True

Name Tiwanaku Orient Heading

T0 (Tiwanaku Orient) 0 90

T1 4 86

T2 26.16 63.84

T3 53.54 36.46

T4 81.57 8.43

T5 97.04 352.96

T6 106.65 343.35

T7 118.94 331.06

T8 142.08 307.92

T9 187.64 262.36

T10 199.44 250.56

T11 219.17 230.83

T12 256.09 193.91

T13 308.86 141.14

Cape Agulhas Great Circles Angles

Line/Great Circle Angle to True

Name Primary C-A Heading

C-A (Primary) 0 281.31655

Antipodal Orient 0 90

C1 6.94 288.68345

C2 9.41 291.15345

C3 10.32 292.06345

C4 11.11 292.85345

C5 11.65 293.39345

C6 13.82 295.56345

C7 21.14 301.88345

C8 24.73 306.47345

C9 26.35 308.09345

C10 28.25 310.09345

C11 32.02 313.76345

C12 37.63 319.37345

C13 38.47 320.21345

C14 40.38 322.12345

C15 43.37 325.11345

C16 44.62 326.36345

C17 47.99 329.73345

C18 49.12 330.86345

C19 54.79 336.53345

C20 59.63 341.37345

C21 62.85 344.49345

C22 66.35 348.09345

C23 76.42 358.16345

C24 78.74 0.49345

C25 -5.31 276.43345

Amazon River Delta Great Circles Angles

Line/Great Circle Angle to True

Name Primary A-C Heading

Primary A-C 0 126.52655

A1 33.19 93.33655

A2 39.76 86.76655

A3 47.43 79.09655

A4 50.83 75.69655

A5 61.30 65.22655

A6 96.28 30.24655

A7 99.9 26.62655

A8 121.5 5.02655

A9 127.72 358.80655

A10 191.33 295.19655

A11 204 282.52655

A12 273.58 212.94655

A13 301.52 185.00655

A14 334.64 151.88655

Geodetic Antipode (Cape Agulhas) Great Circles Angles

Line/Great Circle Angle to True

Name Primary G-A Heading

G-A (Primary) 0 135.34894

G1 8.84 126.50894

G2 31.77 103.57894

G3 41.93 93.41894

G4 49.72 85.62894

G5 52.9 82.44894

G6 64.73 70.61894

G7 70.61 64.73894

G8 101.14 34.20894

G9 129.69 5.65894

G10 153.45 341.89894

G11 171.48 323.86894

G12 191.61 303.73894

G13 210.69 284.65894

G14 228.2 267.14894

G15 246.07 249.27894

G16 258.65 236.69894

G17 263.01 232.33894

G18 268.38 226.96894

G19 287.12 208.22894

G20 325.75 169.59894

G21 342.65 152.69894

Rapa-Nui (Easter Island) Great Circles Angles

Line/Great Circle Angle to True

Name Primary R-A Heading

R-A (Primary) 0 74.8981

R1 61.39 13.5081

By Frank Maglione Nicholson (concept development, statistical analysis, graphics), Ken Phungrasamee (concept development, graphics, simulation testing) and David Grimason (concept development, programming, statistical analysis).

A huge thank you also to the following people for their invaluable contributions:

• Jim Alison for his contribution to the concept development, as described above.
• Sharif Sakr for his advice on presentation.
• Nathan Johnson for his help with research.
• Graham Hancock and Robert Bauval, whose works inspired this one.
• And all the other friends and family members, who have helped along the way.

For the latest updates and new material, please visit nazcasolution.com